{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2321759627","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkr167","title":"Imperial Networks, Colonial Bioprospecting and Burroughs Wellcome & Co.: The Case ofStrophanthus Kombefrom Malawi (1859\u20131915)","display_name":"Imperial Networks, Colonial Bioprospecting and Burroughs Wellcome & Co.: The Case ofStrophanthus Kombefrom Malawi (1859\u20131915)","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-01-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2321759627","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkr167","mag":"2321759627"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/shm/hkr167","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkr167","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkr167","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193276","display_name":"Social History of Medicine","issn_l":"0951-631X","issn":["0951-631X","1477-4666"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social History of Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:jyu-201412093455","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074527292","display_name":"Markku Hokkanen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1996-9263","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1996-9263"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94722563","display_name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4","ror":"https://ror.org/05n3dz165","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94722563"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Markku Hokkanen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of History and Ethnology, P.O. Box 35 (H), 40014 University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of History and Ethnology, P.O. Box 35 (H), 40014 University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94722563"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074527292"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94722563"],"apc_list":{"value":2930,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":3864},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.8159,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97910619,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"3","first_page":"589","last_page":"607"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12471","display_name":"History of Science and Natural History","score":0.9535999894142151,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12471","display_name":"History of Science and Natural History","score":0.9535999894142151,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14475","display_name":"History of Science and Medicine","score":0.015200000256299973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1207","display_name":"History and Philosophy of Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14395","display_name":"African history and culture studies","score":0.008899999782443047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/david-livingstone","display_name":"David Livingstone","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arrow-poison","display_name":"arrow poison","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiovascular-drugs","display_name":"cardiovascular drugs","score":0.781000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scientific-knowledge-production","display_name":"scientific knowledge production","score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmaceutical-marketing","display_name":"pharmaceutical marketing","score":0.47099998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malawi","display_name":"Malawi","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/colonial-medicine","display_name":"colonial medicine","score":0.3089999854564667}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776180452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2904214","display_name":"Bioprospecting","level":2,"score":0.8194052577018738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C531593650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7167","display_name":"Colonialism","level":2,"score":0.6679060459136963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72636640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380274","display_name":"History of medicine","level":2,"score":0.592308521270752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778495208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48349","display_name":"Empire","level":2,"score":0.4826284348964691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195244886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41493","display_name":"Ancient history","level":1,"score":0.43854403495788574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15708023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80083","display_name":"Humanities","level":1,"score":0.37825387716293335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.375390887260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3567534387111664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74916050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841090","display_name":"Classics","level":1,"score":0.3117130398750305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.28105247020721436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.1421939730644226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.13500067591667175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.07119858264923096}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/shm/hkr167","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkr167","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkr167","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210193276","display_name":"Social History of Medicine","issn_l":"0951-631X","issn":["0951-631X","1477-4666"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social History of Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:jyx.jyu.fi:123456789/44839","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:jyu-201412093455","pdf_url":"http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:jyu-201412093455","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400563","display_name":"Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 University Digital Archive (University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I94722563","host_organization_name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94722563"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"research article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:jyx.jyu.fi:123456789/44839","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:jyu-201412093455","pdf_url":"http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:jyu-201412093455","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400563","display_name":"Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 University Digital Archive (University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I94722563","host_organization_name":"University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94722563"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"research article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Zero hunger"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313247","display_name":"Anatomical Society","ror":"https://ror.org/00r4bna31"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320078","display_name":"British Medical Association","ror":"https://ror.org/02caz1f24"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2321759627.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2321759627.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W359938750","https://openalex.org/W601125908","https://openalex.org/W616440281","https://openalex.org/W644280104","https://openalex.org/W1578958087","https://openalex.org/W1818222498","https://openalex.org/W1963919372","https://openalex.org/W1974365534","https://openalex.org/W1989459205","https://openalex.org/W2002029524","https://openalex.org/W2023719731","https://openalex.org/W2055363455","https://openalex.org/W2057224176","https://openalex.org/W2057746856","https://openalex.org/W2078409476","https://openalex.org/W2085981283","https://openalex.org/W2263721861","https://openalex.org/W2398046491","https://openalex.org/W2470299762","https://openalex.org/W2488654753","https://openalex.org/W2492030489","https://openalex.org/W2498966520","https://openalex.org/W2770893353","https://openalex.org/W4235722299","https://openalex.org/W4241400824","https://openalex.org/W4389385410","https://openalex.org/W6621101840"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2887290382","https://openalex.org/W2769788108","https://openalex.org/W1963919372","https://openalex.org/W4312433792","https://openalex.org/W2886730068","https://openalex.org/W2605810205","https://openalex.org/W4253962332","https://openalex.org/W616440281","https://openalex.org/W2768219731","https://openalex.org/W2792229301"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"research":[1,91],"has":[2],"begun":[3],"to":[4,54],"highlight":[5],"the":[6,73,80,99,121],"complex":[7],"connections":[8],"between":[9],"colonialism,":[10],"medical":[11,90],"and":[12,15,48,94,97,117],"scientific":[13,116],"knowledge-production,":[14],"commercial":[16,101],"interests.":[17],"This":[18],"article":[19,109],"analyses":[20,111],"colonial":[21],"\u2018bioprospecting\u2019":[22],"through":[23],"a":[24,56],"case":[25,61],"study":[26,62],"of":[27,85,103,115,124],"Strophanthus":[28,36,67],"kombe.":[29],"Used":[30],"locally":[31],"as":[32],"an":[33],"arrow":[34],"poison,":[35],"was":[37,51],"\u2018discovered\u2019":[38],"in":[39,92,120],"Malawi":[40],"during":[41],"David":[42],"Livingstone's":[43],"Zambesi":[44],"expedition.":[45],"After":[46],"investigation":[47],"experimentation":[49],"it":[50],"subsequently":[52],"used":[53],"produce":[55],"cardiac":[57],"drug.":[58],"The":[59,108],"Malawian":[60,86],"complements":[63],"previous":[64],"work":[65],"on":[66],"from":[68,106],"West":[69],"Africa.":[70],"It":[71],"uncovers":[72],"early":[74,122],"Scottish-Central":[75],"African":[76],"networks":[77],"that":[78],"linked":[79],"Shire":[81],"valley":[82],"(the":[83],"source":[84],"kombe":[87],"seeds),":[88],"with":[89],"Edinburgh":[93],"Burroughs":[95,112],"Wellcome":[96],"Co.,":[98],"first":[100,126],"manufacturer":[102],"drugs":[104],"derived":[105],"Strophanthus.":[107],"also":[110],"Wellcome's":[113],"use":[114],"local":[118],"knowledge":[119],"marketing":[123],"its":[125],"original":[127],"drugs.":[128]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}