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Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy (SE)","Abbreviations: EPTB = extrapulmonary TB, MDR = multi-drug resistant, MTB = meningeal tuberculosis, OR = odds ratio, RR = relative risk, SITIP = Italian Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, TB = tuberculosis, WHO = World Health Organization, XDR = extensively drug-resistant","Accepted October 19, 2015","Alberto Matteelli (World Health Organization, Global Tuberculosis Programme, Geneva, Switzerland)","Amelia Di Comite, Mauro Stronati (Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy)","Angela Pasinato (primary care pediatrician, Vicenza, Italy)","Associazione Italiana Pneumologi Ospedalieri (AIPO), represented by Luigi Codecasa","Associazione Microbiologi Clinici Italiani (AMCLI), represented by Enrico Tortoli","Cristina Russo (Microbiology Unit, IRCCS Bambino Ges\u00f9 Hospital, Rome, Italy)","Daniela Cirillo, Enrico Tortoli (Microbiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy)","Daniele Le Serre (Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Regina Margherita Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy)","Elio Castagnola, Giuseppe Losurdo (Infectious Diseases Unit, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy)","Elisa Bertazzoni (Pharmacology Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy)","Elisabetta Scala (MOIGE Association, Rome, Italy)","Filippo Bernardi (Pediatric Emergency Unit, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy)","Francesco Blasi (Pneumology Unit, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy)","Franco Scaglione (Pharmacology Section, University of Milan, Milan, Italy)","Funding: this manuscript was supported by a grant from the Italian Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (SITIP) and the Italian Ministry of Health (Bando Giovani Ricercatori 2009)","Gianluigi Marseglia, Amelia Mascolo (Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy)","Giovanni Battista Migliori, Rossella Centis, Lia D\u2019Ambrosio (World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Fondazione S. Maugeri, Care and Research Institute, Tradate, Italy)","Giuseppe Di Mauro (primary care pediatrician, Caserta, Italy)","Laura Cursi, Annalisa Grandin, Caterina Marabotto (Unit of General Pediatrics and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Bambino Ges\u00f9 Hospital, Rome, Italy)","Luigi Codecasa (Referral Center for Tuberculosis, Lombardy Region, Milan, Italy)","Luisa Galli, Maurizio de Martino, Elena Chiappini, Carlotta Montagnani, Daniele Ciofi, Filippo Festini, Martina Anziati, Sabrina Becciani, Giulia Remaschi, Sara Sollai, Chiara Tersigni, Elisabetta Venturini (Pediatric Clinic, Meyer Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy)","MOIGE, represented by Elisabetta Scala","Marina Tadolini (Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy)","Marino Faccini (Prevention Department, ASL Milano, Milan, Italy)","Paolo Tom\u00e0 (Radiology Unit, IRCCS Bambino Ges\u00f9 Hospital, Rome, Italy)","Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy (SE)","Received August 17, 2015","Received in revised form September 27, 2015","STOP TB, represented by Daniela Cirillo, Marino Faccini, Giovanni Battista Migliori, Marina Tadolini, Rossella Centis and Lia D\u2019Ambrosio","Scientific Societies involved in the Italian Pediatric TB Study Group: Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Infettivologia Pediatrica (SITIP), represented by Susanna Esposito, Maurizio de Martino, Luisa Galli, Alfredo Guarino, Laura Lancella, Andrea Lo Vecchio, Nicola Principi, Samantha Bosis, Elio Castagnola, Clara Gabiano, Silvia Garazzino, Giuseppe Losurdo, Carlotta Montagnani, Martina Anziati, Beatrice Ascolese, Sabrina Becciani, Laura Cursi, Annalisa Grandin, Daniele Le Serre, Caterina Marabotto, Irene Raffaldi, Giulia Remaschi, Riccardo Scotto, Laura Senatore, Sara Sollai, Claudia Tagliabue, Chiara Tersigni and Elisabetta Venturini","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Chemioterapia (SIC), represented by Elisa Bertazzoni","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Farmacologia (SIF), represented by Francesco Scaglione","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Immunologia e Allergologia Pediatrica (SIAIP) represented by Gianluigi Marseglia and Amelia Mascolo","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Malattie Infettive e Tropicali (SIMIT), represented by Alberto Matteelli","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Malattie Respiratorie (SIMER), represented by Francesco Blasi, Marialuisa Bocchino and Luca Assante","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Malattie Respiratorie Infantili (SIMRI), represented by Filippo Bernardi","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Neonatologia (SIN), represented by Amelia Di Comite and Mauro Stronati","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Pediatria (SIP), represented by Alberto Villani, Cristina Russo and Paolo Tom\u00e0","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Pediatria Preventiva e Sociale (SIPPS), represented by Giuseppe Di Mauro and Elena Chiappini","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Scienze Infermieristiche Pediatriche (SISIP), represented by Filippo Festini and Daniele Ciofi","Societ\u00e0 Italiana per le Cure Primarie Pediatriche (SiCUPP), represented by Angela Pasinato","The Italian Pediatric TB Study Group also includes: Nicola Principi, Samantha Bosis, Claudia Tagliabue, Laura Senatore, Beatrice Ascolese (Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy)","The authors declare that they have no competing interests","This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives License 4.0, which allows for redistribution, commercial and non-commercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged and in whole, with credit to the author. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"From the Section of Pediatrics, Department of Translational Medical Science, Federico II 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Losurdo (Infectious Diseases Unit, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy)","Elisa Bertazzoni (Pharmacology Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy)","Elisabetta Scala (MOIGE Association, Rome, Italy)","Filippo Bernardi (Pediatric Emergency Unit, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy)","Francesco Blasi (Pneumology Unit, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy)","Franco Scaglione (Pharmacology Section, University of Milan, Milan, Italy)","Funding: this manuscript was supported by a grant from the Italian Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (SITIP) and the Italian Ministry of Health (Bando Giovani Ricercatori 2009)","Gianluigi Marseglia, Amelia Mascolo (Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy)","Giovanni Battista Migliori, Rossella Centis, Lia D\u2019Ambrosio (World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Fondazione S. 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Tersigni and Elisabetta Venturini","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Chemioterapia (SIC), represented by Elisa Bertazzoni","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Farmacologia (SIF), represented by Francesco Scaglione","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Immunologia e Allergologia Pediatrica (SIAIP) represented by Gianluigi Marseglia and Amelia Mascolo","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Malattie Infettive e Tropicali (SIMIT), represented by Alberto Matteelli","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Malattie Respiratorie (SIMER), represented by Francesco Blasi, Marialuisa Bocchino and Luca Assante","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Malattie Respiratorie Infantili (SIMRI), represented by Filippo Bernardi","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Neonatologia (SIN), represented by Amelia Di Comite and Mauro Stronati","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Pediatria (SIP), represented by Alberto Villani, Cristina Russo and Paolo Tom\u00e0","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Pediatria Preventiva e Sociale (SIPPS), represented by Giuseppe Di Mauro and Elena Chiappini","Societ\u00e0 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and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Bambino Ges\u00f9 Hospital, Rome, Italy (LL, AV)","and Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy (SE)","Abbreviations: EPTB = extrapulmonary TB, MDR = multi-drug resistant, MTB = meningeal tuberculosis, OR = odds ratio, RR = relative risk, SITIP = Italian Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, TB = tuberculosis, WHO = World Health Organization, XDR = extensively drug-resistant","Accepted October 19, 2015","Alberto Matteelli (World Health Organization, Global Tuberculosis Programme, Geneva, Switzerland)","Amelia Di Comite, Mauro Stronati (Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy)","Angela Pasinato (primary care pediatrician, Vicenza, Italy)","Associazione Italiana Pneumologi Ospedalieri (AIPO), represented by Luigi Codecasa","Associazione 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Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["CH","IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Silvia Garazzino","raw_affiliation_strings":["From the Section of Pediatrics, Department of Translational Medical Science, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy (ALV, RS, AG)","Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Regina Margherita Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy (CG, SG, IR)","Pneumology Unit, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy (MB, LRA)","Unit of General Pediatrics and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Bambino Ges\u00f9 Hospital, Rome, Italy (LL, AV)","and Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy (SE)","Abbreviations: EPTB = extrapulmonary TB, MDR = multi-drug resistant, MTB = meningeal tuberculosis, OR = odds ratio, RR = relative risk, SITIP = Italian Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, TB = tuberculosis, WHO = World Health Organization, XDR = extensively drug-resistant","Accepted October 19, 2015","Alberto Matteelli (World Health Organization, Global Tuberculosis Programme, Geneva, Switzerland)","Amelia Di Comite, Mauro Stronati (Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy)","Angela Pasinato (primary care pediatrician, Vicenza, Italy)","Associazione Italiana Pneumologi Ospedalieri (AIPO), represented by Luigi Codecasa","Associazione Microbiologi Clinici Italiani (AMCLI), represented by Enrico Tortoli","Cristina Russo (Microbiology Unit, IRCCS Bambino Ges\u00f9 Hospital, Rome, Italy)","Daniela Cirillo, Enrico Tortoli (Microbiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy)","Daniele Le Serre (Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Regina Margherita Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy)","Elio Castagnola, Giuseppe Losurdo (Infectious Diseases Unit, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy)","Elisa Bertazzoni (Pharmacology Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy)","Elisabetta Scala (MOIGE Association, Rome, Italy)","Filippo Bernardi (Pediatric Emergency Unit, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy)","Francesco Blasi (Pneumology Unit, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy)","Franco Scaglione (Pharmacology Section, University of Milan, Milan, Italy)","Funding: this manuscript was supported by a grant from the Italian Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (SITIP) and the Italian Ministry of Health (Bando Giovani Ricercatori 2009)","Gianluigi Marseglia, Amelia Mascolo (Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy)","Giovanni Battista Migliori, Rossella Centis, Lia D\u2019Ambrosio (World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Fondazione S. Maugeri, Care and Research Institute, Tradate, Italy)","Giuseppe Di Mauro (primary care pediatrician, Caserta, Italy)","Laura Cursi, Annalisa Grandin, Caterina Marabotto (Unit of General Pediatrics and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Bambino Ges\u00f9 Hospital, Rome, Italy)","Luigi Codecasa (Referral Center for Tuberculosis, Lombardy Region, Milan, Italy)","Luisa Galli, Maurizio de Martino, Elena Chiappini, Carlotta Montagnani, Daniele Ciofi, Filippo Festini, Martina Anziati, Sabrina Becciani, Giulia Remaschi, Sara Sollai, Chiara Tersigni, Elisabetta Venturini (Pediatric Clinic, Meyer Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy)","MOIGE, represented by Elisabetta Scala","Marina Tadolini (Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy)","Marino Faccini (Prevention Department, ASL Milano, Milan, Italy)","Paolo Tom\u00e0 (Radiology Unit, IRCCS Bambino Ges\u00f9 Hospital, Rome, Italy)","Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy (SE)","Received August 17, 2015","Received in revised form September 27, 2015","STOP TB, represented by Daniela Cirillo, Marino Faccini, Giovanni Battista Migliori, Marina Tadolini, Rossella Centis and Lia D\u2019Ambrosio","Scientific Societies involved in the Italian Pediatric TB Study Group: Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Infettivologia Pediatrica (SITIP), represented by Susanna Esposito, Maurizio de Martino, Luisa Galli, Alfredo Guarino, Laura Lancella, Andrea Lo Vecchio, Nicola Principi, Samantha Bosis, Elio Castagnola, Clara Gabiano, Silvia Garazzino, Giuseppe Losurdo, Carlotta Montagnani, Martina Anziati, Beatrice Ascolese, Sabrina Becciani, Laura Cursi, Annalisa Grandin, Daniele Le Serre, Caterina Marabotto, Irene Raffaldi, Giulia Remaschi, Riccardo Scotto, Laura Senatore, Sara Sollai, Claudia Tagliabue, Chiara Tersigni and Elisabetta Venturini","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Chemioterapia (SIC), represented by Elisa Bertazzoni","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Farmacologia (SIF), represented by Francesco Scaglione","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Immunologia e Allergologia Pediatrica (SIAIP) represented by Gianluigi Marseglia and Amelia Mascolo","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Malattie Infettive e Tropicali (SIMIT), represented by Alberto Matteelli","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Malattie Respiratorie (SIMER), represented by Francesco Blasi, Marialuisa Bocchino and Luca Assante","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Malattie Respiratorie Infantili (SIMRI), represented by Filippo Bernardi","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Neonatologia (SIN), represented by Amelia Di Comite and Mauro Stronati","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Pediatria (SIP), represented by Alberto Villani, Cristina Russo and Paolo Tom\u00e0","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Pediatria Preventiva e Sociale (SIPPS), represented by Giuseppe Di Mauro and Elena Chiappini","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Scienze Infermieristiche Pediatriche (SISIP), represented by Filippo Festini and Daniele Ciofi","Societ\u00e0 Italiana per le Cure Primarie Pediatriche (SiCUPP), represented by Angela Pasinato","The Italian Pediatric TB Study Group also includes: Nicola Principi, Samantha Bosis, Claudia Tagliabue, Laura Senatore, Beatrice Ascolese (Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy)","The authors declare that they have no competing interests","This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives License 4.0, which allows for redistribution, commercial and non-commercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged and in whole, with credit to the author. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"From the Section of Pediatrics, Department of Translational Medical Science, Federico II 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ratio, RR = relative risk, SITIP = Italian Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, TB = tuberculosis, WHO = World Health Organization, XDR = extensively drug-resistant","Accepted October 19, 2015","Alberto Matteelli (World Health Organization, Global Tuberculosis Programme, Geneva, Switzerland)","Amelia Di Comite, Mauro Stronati (Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy)","Angela Pasinato (primary care pediatrician, Vicenza, Italy)","Associazione Italiana Pneumologi Ospedalieri (AIPO), represented by Luigi Codecasa","Associazione Microbiologi Clinici Italiani (AMCLI), represented by Enrico Tortoli","Cristina Russo (Microbiology Unit, IRCCS Bambino Ges\u00f9 Hospital, Rome, Italy)","Daniela Cirillo, Enrico Tortoli (Microbiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy)","Daniele Le Serre (Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Regina Margherita Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy)","Elio Castagnola, Giuseppe Losurdo (Infectious Diseases Unit, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy)","Elisa Bertazzoni (Pharmacology Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy)","Elisabetta Scala (MOIGE Association, Rome, Italy)","Filippo Bernardi (Pediatric Emergency Unit, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy)","Francesco Blasi (Pneumology Unit, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy)","Franco Scaglione (Pharmacology Section, University of Milan, Milan, Italy)","Funding: this manuscript was supported by a grant from the Italian Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (SITIP) and the Italian Ministry of Health (Bando Giovani Ricercatori 2009)","Gianluigi Marseglia, Amelia Mascolo (Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy)","Giovanni Battista Migliori, Rossella Centis, Lia D\u2019Ambrosio (World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Fondazione S. Maugeri, Care and Research Institute, Tradate, Italy)","Giuseppe Di Mauro (primary care pediatrician, Caserta, Italy)","Laura Cursi, Annalisa Grandin, Caterina Marabotto (Unit of General Pediatrics and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Bambino Ges\u00f9 Hospital, Rome, Italy)","Luigi Codecasa (Referral Center for Tuberculosis, Lombardy Region, Milan, Italy)","Luisa Galli, Maurizio de Martino, Elena Chiappini, Carlotta Montagnani, Daniele Ciofi, Filippo Festini, Martina Anziati, Sabrina Becciani, Giulia Remaschi, Sara Sollai, Chiara Tersigni, Elisabetta Venturini (Pediatric Clinic, Meyer Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy)","MOIGE, represented by Elisabetta Scala","Marina Tadolini (Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy)","Marino Faccini (Prevention Department, ASL Milano, Milan, Italy)","Paolo Tom\u00e0 (Radiology Unit, IRCCS Bambino Ges\u00f9 Hospital, Rome, Italy)","Pediatric Highly 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Tersigni and Elisabetta Venturini","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Chemioterapia (SIC), represented by Elisa Bertazzoni","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Farmacologia (SIF), represented by Francesco Scaglione","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Immunologia e Allergologia Pediatrica (SIAIP) represented by Gianluigi Marseglia and Amelia Mascolo","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Malattie Infettive e Tropicali (SIMIT), represented by Alberto Matteelli","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Malattie Respiratorie (SIMER), represented by Francesco Blasi, Marialuisa Bocchino and Luca Assante","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Malattie Respiratorie Infantili (SIMRI), represented by Filippo Bernardi","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Neonatologia (SIN), represented by Amelia Di Comite and Mauro Stronati","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Pediatria (SIP), represented by Alberto Villani, Cristina Russo and Paolo Tom\u00e0","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Pediatria Preventiva e Sociale (SIPPS), represented by Giuseppe Di Mauro and Elena Chiappini","Societ\u00e0 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Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["CH","IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Irene Raffaldi","raw_affiliation_strings":["From the Section of Pediatrics, Department of Translational Medical Science, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy (ALV, RS, AG)","Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Regina Margherita Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy (CG, SG, IR)","Pneumology Unit, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy (MB, LRA)","Unit of General Pediatrics and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Bambino Ges\u00f9 Hospital, Rome, Italy (LL, AV)","and Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy (SE)","Abbreviations: EPTB = extrapulmonary TB, MDR = multi-drug resistant, MTB = meningeal tuberculosis, OR = odds ratio, RR = relative risk, SITIP = Italian Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, TB = tuberculosis, WHO = World Health Organization, XDR = extensively drug-resistant","Accepted October 19, 2015","Alberto Matteelli (World Health Organization, Global Tuberculosis Programme, Geneva, Switzerland)","Amelia Di Comite, Mauro Stronati (Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy)","Angela Pasinato (primary care pediatrician, Vicenza, Italy)","Associazione Italiana Pneumologi Ospedalieri (AIPO), represented by Luigi Codecasa","Associazione Microbiologi Clinici Italiani (AMCLI), represented by Enrico Tortoli","Cristina Russo (Microbiology Unit, IRCCS Bambino Ges\u00f9 Hospital, Rome, Italy)","Daniela Cirillo, Enrico Tortoli (Microbiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy)","Daniele Le Serre (Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Regina Margherita Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy)","Elio Castagnola, Giuseppe Losurdo (Infectious Diseases Unit, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy)","Elisa Bertazzoni (Pharmacology Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy)","Elisabetta Scala (MOIGE Association, Rome, Italy)","Filippo Bernardi (Pediatric Emergency Unit, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy)","Francesco Blasi (Pneumology Unit, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy)","Franco Scaglione (Pharmacology Section, University of Milan, Milan, Italy)","Funding: this manuscript was supported by a grant from the Italian Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (SITIP) and the Italian Ministry of Health (Bando Giovani Ricercatori 2009)","Gianluigi Marseglia, Amelia Mascolo (Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy)","Giovanni Battista Migliori, Rossella Centis, Lia D\u2019Ambrosio (World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Fondazione S. Maugeri, Care and Research Institute, Tradate, Italy)","Giuseppe Di Mauro (primary care pediatrician, Caserta, Italy)","Laura Cursi, Annalisa Grandin, Caterina Marabotto (Unit of General Pediatrics and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Bambino Ges\u00f9 Hospital, Rome, Italy)","Luigi Codecasa (Referral Center for Tuberculosis, Lombardy Region, Milan, Italy)","Luisa Galli, Maurizio de Martino, Elena Chiappini, Carlotta Montagnani, Daniele Ciofi, Filippo Festini, Martina Anziati, Sabrina Becciani, Giulia Remaschi, Sara Sollai, Chiara Tersigni, Elisabetta Venturini (Pediatric Clinic, Meyer Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy)","MOIGE, represented by Elisabetta Scala","Marina Tadolini (Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy)","Marino Faccini (Prevention Department, ASL Milano, Milan, Italy)","Paolo Tom\u00e0 (Radiology Unit, IRCCS Bambino Ges\u00f9 Hospital, Rome, Italy)","Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy (SE)","Received August 17, 2015","Received in revised form September 27, 2015","STOP TB, represented by Daniela Cirillo, Marino Faccini, Giovanni Battista Migliori, Marina Tadolini, Rossella Centis and Lia D\u2019Ambrosio","Scientific Societies involved in the Italian Pediatric TB Study Group: Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Infettivologia Pediatrica (SITIP), represented by Susanna Esposito, Maurizio de Martino, Luisa Galli, Alfredo Guarino, Laura Lancella, Andrea Lo Vecchio, Nicola Principi, Samantha Bosis, Elio Castagnola, Clara Gabiano, Silvia Garazzino, Giuseppe Losurdo, Carlotta Montagnani, Martina Anziati, Beatrice Ascolese, Sabrina Becciani, Laura Cursi, Annalisa Grandin, Daniele Le Serre, Caterina Marabotto, Irene Raffaldi, Giulia Remaschi, Riccardo Scotto, Laura Senatore, Sara Sollai, Claudia Tagliabue, Chiara Tersigni and Elisabetta Venturini","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Chemioterapia (SIC), represented by Elisa Bertazzoni","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Farmacologia (SIF), represented by Francesco Scaglione","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Immunologia e Allergologia Pediatrica (SIAIP) represented by Gianluigi Marseglia and Amelia Mascolo","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Malattie Infettive e Tropicali (SIMIT), represented by Alberto Matteelli","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Malattie Respiratorie (SIMER), represented by Francesco Blasi, Marialuisa Bocchino and Luca Assante","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Malattie Respiratorie Infantili (SIMRI), represented by Filippo Bernardi","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Neonatologia (SIN), represented by Amelia Di Comite and Mauro Stronati","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Pediatria (SIP), represented by Alberto Villani, Cristina Russo and Paolo Tom\u00e0","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Pediatria Preventiva e Sociale (SIPPS), represented by Giuseppe Di Mauro and Elena Chiappini","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Scienze Infermieristiche Pediatriche (SISIP), represented by Filippo Festini and Daniele Ciofi","Societ\u00e0 Italiana per le Cure Primarie Pediatriche (SiCUPP), represented by Angela Pasinato","The Italian Pediatric TB Study Group also includes: Nicola Principi, Samantha Bosis, Claudia Tagliabue, Laura Senatore, Beatrice Ascolese (Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy)","The authors declare that they have no competing interests","This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives License 4.0, which allows for redistribution, commercial and non-commercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged and in whole, with credit to the author. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"From the Section of Pediatrics, Department of Translational Medical Science, Federico II 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odds ratio, RR = relative risk, SITIP = Italian Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, TB = tuberculosis, WHO = World Health Organization, XDR = extensively drug-resistant","Accepted October 19, 2015","Alberto Matteelli (World Health Organization, Global Tuberculosis Programme, Geneva, Switzerland)","Amelia Di Comite, Mauro Stronati (Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy)","Angela Pasinato (primary care pediatrician, Vicenza, Italy)","Associazione Italiana Pneumologi Ospedalieri (AIPO), represented by Luigi Codecasa","Associazione Microbiologi Clinici Italiani (AMCLI), represented by Enrico Tortoli","Cristina Russo (Microbiology Unit, IRCCS Bambino Ges\u00f9 Hospital, Rome, Italy)","Daniela Cirillo, Enrico Tortoli (Microbiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy)","Daniele Le Serre (Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Regina Margherita Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy)","Elio Castagnola, Giuseppe Losurdo (Infectious Diseases Unit, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy)","Elisa Bertazzoni (Pharmacology Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy)","Elisabetta Scala (MOIGE Association, Rome, Italy)","Filippo Bernardi (Pediatric Emergency Unit, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy)","Francesco Blasi (Pneumology Unit, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy)","Franco Scaglione (Pharmacology Section, University of Milan, Milan, Italy)","Funding: this manuscript was supported by a grant from the Italian Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (SITIP) and the Italian Ministry of Health (Bando Giovani Ricercatori 2009)","Gianluigi Marseglia, Amelia Mascolo (Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy)","Giovanni Battista Migliori, Rossella Centis, Lia D\u2019Ambrosio (World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Fondazione S. Maugeri, Care and Research Institute, Tradate, Italy)","Giuseppe Di Mauro (primary care pediatrician, Caserta, Italy)","Laura Cursi, Annalisa Grandin, Caterina Marabotto (Unit of General Pediatrics and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Bambino Ges\u00f9 Hospital, Rome, Italy)","Luigi Codecasa (Referral Center for Tuberculosis, Lombardy Region, Milan, Italy)","Luisa Galli, Maurizio de Martino, Elena Chiappini, Carlotta Montagnani, Daniele Ciofi, Filippo Festini, Martina Anziati, Sabrina Becciani, Giulia Remaschi, Sara Sollai, Chiara Tersigni, Elisabetta Venturini (Pediatric Clinic, Meyer Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy)","MOIGE, represented by Elisabetta Scala","Marina Tadolini (Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy)","Marino Faccini (Prevention Department, ASL Milano, Milan, Italy)","Paolo Tom\u00e0 (Radiology Unit, IRCCS Bambino Ges\u00f9 Hospital, Rome, Italy)","Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy (SE)","Received August 17, 2015","Received in revised form September 27, 2015","STOP TB, represented by Daniela Cirillo, Marino Faccini, Giovanni Battista Migliori, Marina Tadolini, Rossella Centis and Lia D\u2019Ambrosio","Scientific Societies involved in the Italian Pediatric TB Study Group: Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Infettivologia Pediatrica (SITIP), represented by Susanna Esposito, Maurizio de Martino, Luisa Galli, Alfredo Guarino, Laura Lancella, Andrea Lo Vecchio, Nicola Principi, Samantha Bosis, Elio Castagnola, Clara Gabiano, Silvia Garazzino, Giuseppe Losurdo, Carlotta Montagnani, Martina Anziati, Beatrice Ascolese, Sabrina Becciani, Laura Cursi, Annalisa Grandin, Daniele Le Serre, Caterina Marabotto, Irene Raffaldi, Giulia Remaschi, Riccardo Scotto, Laura Senatore, Sara Sollai, Claudia Tagliabue, Chiara Tersigni and Elisabetta Venturini","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Chemioterapia (SIC), represented by Elisa Bertazzoni","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Farmacologia (SIF), represented by Francesco Scaglione","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Immunologia e Allergologia Pediatrica (SIAIP) represented by Gianluigi Marseglia and Amelia Mascolo","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Malattie Infettive e Tropicali (SIMIT), represented by Alberto Matteelli","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Malattie Respiratorie (SIMER), represented by Francesco Blasi, Marialuisa Bocchino and Luca Assante","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Malattie Respiratorie Infantili (SIMRI), represented by Filippo Bernardi","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Neonatologia (SIN), represented by Amelia Di Comite and Mauro Stronati","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Pediatria (SIP), represented by Alberto Villani, Cristina Russo and Paolo Tom\u00e0","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Pediatria Preventiva e Sociale (SIPPS), represented by Giuseppe Di Mauro and Elena Chiappini","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Scienze Infermieristiche Pediatriche (SISIP), represented by Filippo Festini and Daniele Ciofi","Societ\u00e0 Italiana per le Cure Primarie Pediatriche (SiCUPP), represented by Angela Pasinato","The Italian Pediatric TB Study Group also includes: Nicola Principi, Samantha Bosis, Claudia Tagliabue, Laura Senatore, Beatrice Ascolese (Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy)","The authors declare that they have no competing interests","This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives License 4.0, which allows for redistribution, commercial and non-commercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged and in whole, with credit to the author. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"From the Section of Pediatrics, Department of Translational Medical Science, Federico II 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ratio, RR = relative risk, SITIP = Italian Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, TB = tuberculosis, WHO = World Health Organization, XDR = extensively drug-resistant","Accepted October 19, 2015","Alberto Matteelli (World Health Organization, Global Tuberculosis Programme, Geneva, Switzerland)","Amelia Di Comite, Mauro Stronati (Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy)","Angela Pasinato (primary care pediatrician, Vicenza, Italy)","Associazione Italiana Pneumologi Ospedalieri (AIPO), represented by Luigi Codecasa","Associazione Microbiologi Clinici Italiani (AMCLI), represented by Enrico Tortoli","Cristina Russo (Microbiology Unit, IRCCS Bambino Ges\u00f9 Hospital, Rome, Italy)","Daniela Cirillo, Enrico Tortoli (Microbiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy)","Daniele Le Serre (Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Regina Margherita Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy)","Elio Castagnola, Giuseppe Losurdo (Infectious Diseases Unit, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy)","Elisa Bertazzoni (Pharmacology Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy)","Elisabetta Scala (MOIGE Association, Rome, Italy)","Filippo Bernardi (Pediatric Emergency Unit, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy)","Francesco Blasi (Pneumology Unit, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy)","Franco Scaglione (Pharmacology Section, University of Milan, Milan, Italy)","Funding: this manuscript was supported by a grant from the Italian Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (SITIP) and the Italian Ministry of Health (Bando Giovani Ricercatori 2009)","Gianluigi Marseglia, Amelia Mascolo (Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy)","Giovanni Battista Migliori, Rossella Centis, Lia D\u2019Ambrosio (World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Fondazione S. Maugeri, Care and Research Institute, Tradate, Italy)","Giuseppe Di Mauro (primary care pediatrician, Caserta, Italy)","Laura Cursi, Annalisa Grandin, Caterina Marabotto (Unit of General Pediatrics and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Bambino Ges\u00f9 Hospital, Rome, Italy)","Luigi Codecasa (Referral Center for Tuberculosis, Lombardy Region, Milan, Italy)","Luisa Galli, Maurizio de Martino, Elena Chiappini, Carlotta Montagnani, Daniele Ciofi, Filippo Festini, Martina Anziati, Sabrina Becciani, Giulia Remaschi, Sara Sollai, Chiara Tersigni, Elisabetta Venturini (Pediatric Clinic, Meyer Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy)","MOIGE, represented by Elisabetta Scala","Marina Tadolini (Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy)","Marino Faccini (Prevention Department, ASL Milano, Milan, Italy)","Paolo Tom\u00e0 (Radiology Unit, IRCCS Bambino Ges\u00f9 Hospital, Rome, Italy)","Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy (SE)","Received August 17, 2015","Received in revised form September 27, 2015","STOP TB, represented by Daniela Cirillo, Marino Faccini, Giovanni Battista Migliori, Marina Tadolini, Rossella Centis and Lia D\u2019Ambrosio","Scientific Societies involved in the Italian Pediatric TB Study Group: Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Infettivologia Pediatrica (SITIP), represented by Susanna Esposito, Maurizio de Martino, Luisa Galli, Alfredo Guarino, Laura Lancella, Andrea Lo Vecchio, Nicola Principi, Samantha Bosis, Elio Castagnola, Clara Gabiano, Silvia Garazzino, Giuseppe Losurdo, Carlotta Montagnani, Martina Anziati, Beatrice Ascolese, Sabrina Becciani, Laura Cursi, Annalisa Grandin, Daniele Le Serre, Caterina Marabotto, Irene Raffaldi, Giulia Remaschi, Riccardo Scotto, Laura Senatore, Sara Sollai, Claudia Tagliabue, Chiara Tersigni and Elisabetta Venturini","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Chemioterapia (SIC), represented by Elisa Bertazzoni","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Farmacologia (SIF), represented by Francesco Scaglione","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Immunologia e Allergologia Pediatrica (SIAIP) represented by Gianluigi Marseglia and Amelia Mascolo","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Malattie Infettive e Tropicali (SIMIT), represented by Alberto Matteelli","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Malattie Respiratorie (SIMER), represented by Francesco Blasi, Marialuisa Bocchino and Luca Assante","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Malattie Respiratorie Infantili (SIMRI), represented by Filippo Bernardi","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Neonatologia (SIN), represented by Amelia Di Comite and Mauro Stronati","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Pediatria (SIP), represented by Alberto Villani, Cristina Russo and Paolo Tom\u00e0","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Pediatria Preventiva e Sociale (SIPPS), represented by Giuseppe Di Mauro and Elena Chiappini","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Scienze Infermieristiche Pediatriche (SISIP), represented by Filippo Festini and Daniele Ciofi","Societ\u00e0 Italiana per le Cure Primarie Pediatriche (SiCUPP), represented by Angela Pasinato","The Italian Pediatric TB Study Group also includes: Nicola Principi, Samantha Bosis, Claudia Tagliabue, Laura Senatore, Beatrice Ascolese (Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy)","The authors declare that they have no competing interests","This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives License 4.0, which allows for redistribution, commercial and non-commercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged and in whole, with credit to the author. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"From the Section of Pediatrics, Department of Translational Medical Science, Federico II 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ratio, RR = relative risk, SITIP = Italian Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, TB = tuberculosis, WHO = World Health Organization, XDR = extensively drug-resistant","Accepted October 19, 2015","Alberto Matteelli (World Health Organization, Global Tuberculosis Programme, Geneva, Switzerland)","Amelia Di Comite, Mauro Stronati (Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy)","Angela Pasinato (primary care pediatrician, Vicenza, Italy)","Associazione Italiana Pneumologi Ospedalieri (AIPO), represented by Luigi Codecasa","Associazione Microbiologi Clinici Italiani (AMCLI), represented by Enrico Tortoli","Cristina Russo (Microbiology Unit, IRCCS Bambino Ges\u00f9 Hospital, Rome, Italy)","Daniela Cirillo, Enrico Tortoli (Microbiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy)","Daniele Le Serre (Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Regina Margherita Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy)","Elio Castagnola, Giuseppe Losurdo (Infectious Diseases Unit, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy)","Elisa Bertazzoni (Pharmacology Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy)","Elisabetta Scala (MOIGE Association, Rome, Italy)","Filippo Bernardi (Pediatric Emergency Unit, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy)","Francesco Blasi (Pneumology Unit, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy)","Franco Scaglione (Pharmacology Section, University of Milan, Milan, Italy)","Funding: this manuscript was supported by a grant from the Italian Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (SITIP) and the Italian Ministry of Health (Bando Giovani Ricercatori 2009)","Gianluigi Marseglia, Amelia Mascolo (Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy)","Giovanni Battista Migliori, Rossella Centis, Lia D\u2019Ambrosio (World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Fondazione S. Maugeri, Care and Research Institute, Tradate, Italy)","Giuseppe Di Mauro (primary care pediatrician, Caserta, Italy)","Laura Cursi, Annalisa Grandin, Caterina Marabotto (Unit of General Pediatrics and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Bambino Ges\u00f9 Hospital, Rome, Italy)","Luigi Codecasa (Referral Center for Tuberculosis, Lombardy Region, Milan, Italy)","Luisa Galli, Maurizio de Martino, Elena Chiappini, Carlotta Montagnani, Daniele Ciofi, Filippo Festini, Martina Anziati, Sabrina Becciani, Giulia Remaschi, Sara Sollai, Chiara Tersigni, Elisabetta Venturini (Pediatric Clinic, Meyer Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy)","MOIGE, represented by Elisabetta Scala","Marina Tadolini (Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy)","Marino Faccini (Prevention Department, ASL Milano, Milan, Italy)","Paolo Tom\u00e0 (Radiology Unit, IRCCS Bambino Ges\u00f9 Hospital, Rome, Italy)","Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy (SE)","Received August 17, 2015","Received in revised form September 27, 2015","STOP TB, represented by Daniela Cirillo, Marino Faccini, Giovanni Battista Migliori, Marina Tadolini, Rossella Centis and Lia D\u2019Ambrosio","Scientific Societies involved in the Italian Pediatric TB Study Group: Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Infettivologia Pediatrica (SITIP), represented by Susanna Esposito, Maurizio de Martino, Luisa Galli, Alfredo Guarino, Laura Lancella, Andrea Lo Vecchio, Nicola Principi, Samantha Bosis, Elio Castagnola, Clara Gabiano, Silvia Garazzino, Giuseppe Losurdo, Carlotta Montagnani, Martina Anziati, Beatrice Ascolese, Sabrina Becciani, Laura Cursi, Annalisa Grandin, Daniele Le Serre, Caterina Marabotto, Irene Raffaldi, Giulia Remaschi, Riccardo Scotto, Laura Senatore, Sara Sollai, Claudia Tagliabue, Chiara Tersigni and Elisabetta Venturini","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Chemioterapia (SIC), represented by Elisa Bertazzoni","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Farmacologia (SIF), represented by Francesco Scaglione","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Immunologia e Allergologia Pediatrica (SIAIP) represented by Gianluigi Marseglia and Amelia Mascolo","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Malattie Infettive e Tropicali (SIMIT), represented by Alberto Matteelli","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Malattie Respiratorie (SIMER), represented by Francesco Blasi, Marialuisa Bocchino and Luca Assante","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Malattie Respiratorie Infantili (SIMRI), represented by Filippo Bernardi","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Neonatologia (SIN), represented by Amelia Di Comite and Mauro Stronati","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Pediatria (SIP), represented by Alberto Villani, Cristina Russo and Paolo Tom\u00e0","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Pediatria Preventiva e Sociale (SIPPS), represented by Giuseppe Di Mauro and Elena Chiappini","Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Scienze Infermieristiche Pediatriche (SISIP), represented by Filippo Festini and Daniele Ciofi","Societ\u00e0 Italiana per le Cure Primarie Pediatriche (SiCUPP), represented by Angela Pasinato","The Italian Pediatric TB Study Group also includes: Nicola Principi, Samantha Bosis, Claudia Tagliabue, Laura Senatore, Beatrice Ascolese (Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy)","The authors declare that they have no competing interests","This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives License 4.0, which allows for redistribution, commercial and non-commercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged and in whole, with credit to the author. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"From the Section of Pediatrics, Department of Translational Medical Science, Federico II 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Losurdo (Infectious Diseases Unit, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy)","Elisa Bertazzoni (Pharmacology Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy)","Elisabetta Scala (MOIGE Association, Rome, Italy)","Filippo Bernardi (Pediatric Emergency Unit, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy)","Francesco Blasi (Pneumology Unit, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy)","Franco Scaglione (Pharmacology Section, University of Milan, Milan, Italy)","Funding: this manuscript was supported by a grant from the Italian Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (SITIP) and the Italian Ministry of Health (Bando Giovani Ricercatori 2009)","Gianluigi Marseglia, Amelia Mascolo (Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy)","Giovanni Battista Migliori, Rossella Centis, Lia D\u2019Ambrosio (World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Fondazione S. 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