{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2319339409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2991755","title":"Divisive Primaries and General Election Outcomes: Another Look at Presidental Campaigns","display_name":"Divisive Primaries and General Election Outcomes: Another Look at Presidental Campaigns","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2319339409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2991755","mag":"2319339409"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/2991755","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2991755","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2991755","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90314269","display_name":"American Journal of Political Science","issn_l":"0092-5853","issn":["0092-5853","1540-5907"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Political Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070675036","display_name":"Lonna Rae Atkeson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5388-7325","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5388-7325"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lonna Rae Atkeson","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5070675036"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4100},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.9386,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":76,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97761545,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"42","issue":"1","first_page":"256","last_page":"256"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13445","display_name":"American Constitutional Law and Politics","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13684","display_name":"Political Dynamics in Latin America","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/presidential-nominations","display_name":"presidential nominations","score":0.7269999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/presidential-campaigns","display_name":"presidential campaigns","score":0.621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/candidate-quality","display_name":"candidate quality","score":0.6930000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/national-elections","display_name":"national elections","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-party-nominations","display_name":"party nominations","score":0.37599998712539673}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775925287","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156895","display_name":"Nomination","level":2,"score":0.9191380739212036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777582232","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5013414","display_name":"CONTEST","level":2,"score":0.7597495913505554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59742305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076105","display_name":"General election","level":3,"score":0.7334825992584229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197487636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49892","display_name":"Presidential system","level":3,"score":0.6960198879241943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776129789","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858439","display_name":"Presidential election","level":3,"score":0.6888507604598999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6330981850624084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5856124758720398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45184978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q669262","display_name":"Primary election","level":4,"score":0.47836464643478394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.42346829175949097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.2540287375450134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.14576169848442078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.14187490940093994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.07777997851371765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/2991755","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2991755","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2991755","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90314269","display_name":"American Journal of Political Science","issn_l":"0092-5853","issn":["0092-5853","1540-5907"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Political Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.6207000017166138}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.7099999785423279}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1536904816","https://openalex.org/W1983878267","https://openalex.org/W2002492214","https://openalex.org/W2009860307","https://openalex.org/W2020694618","https://openalex.org/W2034627944","https://openalex.org/W2074590296","https://openalex.org/W2075403190","https://openalex.org/W2083912325","https://openalex.org/W2092818866","https://openalex.org/W2106884046","https://openalex.org/W2108818539","https://openalex.org/W2109719716","https://openalex.org/W2120988033","https://openalex.org/W2122901641","https://openalex.org/W2126077656","https://openalex.org/W2144215814","https://openalex.org/W2150520599","https://openalex.org/W2316026108","https://openalex.org/W2322183461"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4309193749","https://openalex.org/W2282632614","https://openalex.org/W7096200634","https://openalex.org/W2908571794","https://openalex.org/W2065888907","https://openalex.org/W2120988033","https://openalex.org/W2034627944","https://openalex.org/W2035919441","https://openalex.org/W2008574279","https://openalex.org/W2265818391"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Theory:":[0],"The":[1],"divisive":[2,9,36,159],"primary":[3,12,37],"hypothesis":[4],"asserts":[5],"that":[6,16,123,204,215],"the":[7,10,18,21,26,30,34,49,61,67,71,75,132,135,139,155,172,198],"more":[8,41,95,182],"presidential":[11,50,72,80,90,158,205],"contest":[13],"compared":[14],"to":[15,54,153,191],"of":[17,60,70,78,134,141,157],"other":[19],"party":[20,31],"fewer":[22],"votes":[23],"received":[24],"in":[25,101,114,171],"general":[27,43,103,145,163,193],"election.":[28],"Thus":[29],"candidate":[32,56,129],"with":[33],"most":[35],"will":[38],"have":[39,52,93],"a":[40,94,115,120,180],"difficult":[42],"election":[44,81,104,111,126,146,164,168,194,199],"fight.":[45],"However,":[46],"studies":[47],"at":[48],"level":[51],"failed":[53],"consider":[55],"quality,":[57,130],"prior":[58],"vulnerability":[59],"incumbent":[62],"president":[63],"or":[64,97],"his":[65],"party,":[66],"national":[68,121,208],"nature":[69,133],"race,":[73],"and":[74,118,131,210],"unique":[76],"context":[77,113,170],"each":[79],"campaign.":[82],"Once":[83,167],"these":[84],"factors":[85],"are":[86,207],"taken":[87],"into":[88],"account":[89],"primaries":[91],"should":[92,137],"marginal":[96],"even":[98],"nonexistent":[99],"effect":[100,140,156,187],"understanding":[102],"outcomes.":[105,147,165,195],"Hypothesis:":[106],"Including":[107],"appropriate":[108],"controls":[109,124],"for":[110,125],"year":[112,127,169,200],"state-by-state":[116,173,212],"model":[117,122,174],"creating":[119],"context,":[128],"times":[136],"diminish":[138],"nomination":[142,160],"divisiveness":[143,178,216],"on":[144,162],"Methods:":[148],"Regression":[149],"analysis":[150],"is":[151,175],"used":[152],"examine":[154],"campaigns":[161],"Results:":[166],"controlled":[176],"for,":[177],"has":[179],"much":[181],"modest":[183,186],"effect.":[184],"This":[185],"does":[188],"not":[189,211,218],"appear":[190],"change":[192],"In":[196],"addition,":[197],"model,":[201],"which":[202],"posits":[203],"elections":[206,209],"elections,":[213],"indicated":[214],"was":[217],"significantly":[219],"different":[220],"from":[221],"zero.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}