{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2318968653","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1420928","title":"Two-Choice Learning: A Function of Indicated Randomness and Amount of Reward","display_name":"Two-Choice Learning: A Function of Indicated Randomness and Amount of Reward","publication_year":1965,"publication_date":"1965-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2318968653","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1420928","mag":"2318968653","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5839933"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/1420928","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1420928","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1420928","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S206630335","display_name":"The American Journal of Psychology","issn_l":"0002-9556","issn":["0002-9556","1939-8298"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315680","host_organization_name":"University of Illinois Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315680"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Illinois Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The American Journal of Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080621301","display_name":"S. Lee Guth","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sherman L. Guth","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025200536","display_name":"Raymond W. Frankmann","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raymond W. Frankmann","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"78","issue":"4","first_page":"640","last_page":"640"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10315","display_name":"Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics","score":0.6801999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1800","display_name":"General Decision Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10315","display_name":"Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics","score":0.6801999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1800","display_name":"General Decision Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.1890999972820282,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10056","display_name":"Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior","score":0.017100000753998756,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reward-magnitude","display_name":"reward magnitude","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement","display_name":"reinforcement","score":0.3440000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-rate","display_name":"learning rate","score":0.3630000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operant-conditioning","display_name":"operant conditioning","score":0.3869999945163727}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.84309983253479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125112378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176640","display_name":"Randomness","level":2,"score":0.6094619631767273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.588508129119873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.43421855568885803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992566924","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q499210","display_name":"Animal learning","level":2,"score":0.43410611152648926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.24333906173706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0704507827758789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.04396146535873413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003657","descriptor_name":"Decision Making","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011336","descriptor_name":"Probability","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012201","descriptor_name":"Reward","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/1420928","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1420928","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1420928","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S206630335","display_name":"The American Journal of Psychology","issn_l":"0002-9556","issn":["0002-9556","1939-8298"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315680","host_organization_name":"University of Illinois Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315680"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Illinois Press"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The American Journal of Psychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:5839933","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5839933","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The American journal of psychology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2004126619"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1985562985","https://openalex.org/W2101617883","https://openalex.org/W2022270516","https://openalex.org/W2321461338","https://openalex.org/W2064334869","https://openalex.org/W2029633842","https://openalex.org/W2080424457","https://openalex.org/W2042925032","https://openalex.org/W2002470179","https://openalex.org/W2519512596"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}