{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2317486271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v10i1.14744","title":"Shirtless and Dangerous: Quantifying Linguistic Signals of Gender Bias in an Online Fiction Writing Community","display_name":"Shirtless and Dangerous: Quantifying Linguistic Signals of Gender Bias in an Online Fiction Writing Community","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2317486271","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v10i1.14744","mag":"2317486271"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1609/icwsm.v10i1.14744","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v10i1.14744","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v10i1.14744","pdf_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/download/14744/14593","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387284482","display_name":"Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media","issn_l":"2162-3449","issn":["2162-3449","2334-0770"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/download/14744/14593","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089313267","display_name":"Ethan Fast","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9093-1299","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9093-1299"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ethan Fast","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069473321","display_name":"Tina Vachovsky","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tina Vachovsky","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076189854","display_name":"Michael S. Bernstein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8020-9434","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8020-9434","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8083-9839","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8028-0561"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Bernstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":33.7367,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":43,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99528055,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"1","first_page":"112","last_page":"120"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13173","display_name":"Gender Studies in Language","score":0.6338000297546387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13173","display_name":"Gender Studies in Language","score":0.6338000297546387,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.11749999970197678,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.05900000035762787,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-bias","display_name":"gender bias","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-stereotypes","display_name":"gender stereotypes","score":0.9869999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-literature","display_name":"online literature","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wattpad","display_name":"Wattpad","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sexism","display_name":"sexism","score":0.37599998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/author-gender","display_name":"author gender","score":0.6010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character-description","display_name":"character description","score":0.32499998807907104}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5947827100753784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778121359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8096","display_name":"Lexicon","level":2,"score":0.5800203084945679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5294375419616699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983427547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93200","display_name":"Gender bias","level":2,"score":0.5224437117576599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168127410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1754331","display_name":"Stereotype (UML)","level":2,"score":0.4925468862056732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780620123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7242","display_name":"Beauty","level":2,"score":0.45843181014060974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3986373245716095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.22559097409248352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.15712019801139832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.13187071681022644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1609/icwsm.v10i1.14744","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v10i1.14744","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v10i1.14744","pdf_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/download/14744/14593","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387284482","display_name":"Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media","issn_l":"2162-3449","issn":["2162-3449","2334-0770"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1603.08832","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1603.08832","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1603.08832","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs.aaai.org:article/14744","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/14744","pdf_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/14744","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400155","display_name":"AAAI Publications (The Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI))","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801652627","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801652627"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media; Vol. 10 No. 1 (2016): Tenth International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1603.08832","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1603.08832","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1603.08832","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"mag:2963371988","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1603.08832v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1609/icwsm.v10i1.14744","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v10i1.14744","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v10i1.14744","pdf_url":"https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/download/14744/14593","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387284482","display_name":"Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media","issn_l":"2162-3449","issn":["2162-3449","2334-0770"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320058","host_organization_name":"Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320058"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Gender equality","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7578999996185303,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.49000000953674316,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2317486271.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2317486271.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1513636297","https://openalex.org/W1806075696","https://openalex.org/W1925069298","https://openalex.org/W1965115311","https://openalex.org/W1967262860","https://openalex.org/W1968380849","https://openalex.org/W1979230891","https://openalex.org/W2000632877","https://openalex.org/W2014488032","https://openalex.org/W2020251889","https://openalex.org/W2040467972","https://openalex.org/W2055699460","https://openalex.org/W2061092546","https://openalex.org/W2064573100","https://openalex.org/W2070751207","https://openalex.org/W2094736127","https://openalex.org/W2096632080","https://openalex.org/W2106200375","https://openalex.org/W2114431494","https://openalex.org/W2125943921","https://openalex.org/W2149252982","https://openalex.org/W2150547670","https://openalex.org/W2273847690","https://openalex.org/W2277141067","https://openalex.org/W2489406233","https://openalex.org/W2536618007","https://openalex.org/W2890997842","https://openalex.org/W6674063737","https://openalex.org/W6736575291","https://openalex.org/W7006886781"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386522589","https://openalex.org/W2949744925","https://openalex.org/W2739978983","https://openalex.org/W4391832692","https://openalex.org/W2884380280","https://openalex.org/W4321504633","https://openalex.org/W7027346804","https://openalex.org/W4402683084","https://openalex.org/W7161833852","https://openalex.org/W4399363363"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Imagine":[0],"a":[1,5,37,64,72],"princess":[2],"asleep":[3],"in":[4,81,102,147],"castle,":[6],"waiting":[7],"for":[8],"her":[9],"prince":[10],"to":[11,52,77,182],"slay":[12],"the":[13,20,94,123,172],"dragon":[14],"and":[15,46,106,110,113,131,138],"rescue":[16],"her.":[17],"Tales":[18],"like":[19,44,156],"famous":[21],"Sleeping":[22],"Beauty":[23],"clearly":[24],"divide":[25],"up":[26],"gender":[27,54,79,100,118,133],"roles.":[28],"But":[29],"what":[30],"about":[31],"more":[32],"modern":[33],"stories,":[34,103],"borne":[35],"of":[36,41,75,91,117,153,174],"generation":[38],"increasingly":[39],"aware":[40],"social":[42],"constructs":[43],"sexism":[45],"racism?":[47],"Do":[48],"these":[49,154],"stories":[50],"tend":[51],"reinforce":[53],"stereotypes,":[55,155,176],"or":[56,158],"counter":[57],"them?":[58],"In":[59],"this":[60,85],"paper,":[61],"we":[62],"present":[63],"technique":[65,86],"that":[66,128],"combines":[67],"natural":[68],"language":[69],"processing":[70],"with":[71,122,163],"crowdsourced":[73],"lexicon":[74],"stereotypes":[76,119,134,185],"capture":[78],"biases":[80],"fiction.":[82],"We":[83,126],"apply":[84],"across":[87],"1.8":[88],"billion":[89],"words":[90],"fiction":[92],"from":[93],"Wattpad":[95],"online":[96],"writing":[97],"community,":[98],"investigating":[99],"representation":[101],"how":[104,114],"male":[105,129],"female":[107,177],"characters":[108],"behave":[109],"are":[111,141,161,179],"described,":[112],"authors'":[115],"use":[116],"is":[120],"associated":[121,162],"community's":[124],"ratings.":[125],"find":[127],"over-representation":[130],"traditional":[132],"(e.g.,":[135],"dominant":[136],"men":[137],"submissive":[139],"women)":[140],"common":[142],"throughout":[143],"nearly":[144],"every":[145],"genre":[146],"our":[148],"corpus.":[149],"However,":[150],"only":[151],"some":[152],"sexual":[157],"violent":[159],"men,":[160],"highly":[164],"rated":[165],"stories.":[166],"Finally,":[167],"despite":[168],"women":[169],"often":[170],"being":[171],"target":[173],"negative":[175],"authors":[178],"equally":[180],"likely":[181],"write":[183],"such":[184],"as":[186],"men.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
