{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2316185504","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/019791839002400301","title":"Problems of Korean Immigrant Entrepreneurs","display_name":"Problems of Korean Immigrant Entrepreneurs","publication_year":1990,"publication_date":"1990-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2316185504","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/019791839002400301","mag":"2316185504"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/019791839002400301","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/019791839002400301","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/019791839002400301","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90857023","display_name":"International Migration Review","issn_l":"0197-9183","issn":["0197-9183","1747-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Migration Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109330693","display_name":"Pyong Gap Min","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1636-1858","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1636-1858"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111455621","display_name":"Queens College, CUNY","ror":"https://ror.org/03v8adn41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111455621"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pyong Gap Min","raw_affiliation_strings":["Queens College, City University of New York"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Queens College, City University of New York","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111455621"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5109330693"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111455621"],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6387,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":99,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88260546,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"3","first_page":"436","last_page":"436"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12693","display_name":"Migration, Ethnicity, and Economy","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12693","display_name":"Migration, Ethnicity, and Economy","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12323","display_name":"Asian American and Pacific Histories","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11645","display_name":"Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/korean-americans","display_name":"Korean Americans","score":0.8560000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/los-angeles-korean-community","display_name":"Los Angeles Korean community","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/armed-robbery","display_name":"armed robbery","score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shoplifting","display_name":"shoplifting","score":0.7049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boycotts","display_name":"boycotts","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploitation","display_name":"exploitation","score":0.3840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/status-inconsistency","display_name":"status inconsistency","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethnic-solidarity","display_name":"ethnic solidarity","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/assimilation","display_name":"assimilation","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/long-working-hours","display_name":"long working hours","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immigrant-well-being","display_name":"immigrant well-being","score":0.5630000233650208}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70036468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131288","display_name":"Immigration","level":2,"score":0.7945254445075989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.7825785875320435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780641677","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815726","display_name":"Solidarity","level":3,"score":0.6278297901153564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201280247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11032","display_name":"Newspaper","level":2,"score":0.5253630876541138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.4962044358253479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.43706005811691284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.4242556691169739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.34789228439331055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.3320140242576599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.30462679266929626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112698675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37038","display_name":"Advertising","level":1,"score":0.19454750418663025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.11811470985412598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.07886475324630737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/019791839002400301","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/019791839002400301","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/019791839002400301","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90857023","display_name":"International Migration Review","issn_l":"0197-9183","issn":["0197-9183","1747-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Migration Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2307/2546368","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2546368","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/2546368","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90857023","display_name":"International Migration Review","issn_l":"0197-9183","issn":["0197-9183","1747-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Migration Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:sae:mrxval:v:24:y:1990:i:3:p:436-455","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/019791839002400301","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.9965000152587891,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7307999730110168,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.47620001435279846,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W8602553","https://openalex.org/W219468412","https://openalex.org/W595886575","https://openalex.org/W605701744","https://openalex.org/W633162110","https://openalex.org/W1556057683","https://openalex.org/W1867270463","https://openalex.org/W1966373509","https://openalex.org/W1966666927","https://openalex.org/W1969500996","https://openalex.org/W1972779808","https://openalex.org/W1973422135","https://openalex.org/W1976550190","https://openalex.org/W1984286567","https://openalex.org/W1989863757","https://openalex.org/W2003137125","https://openalex.org/W2008142645","https://openalex.org/W2009448824","https://openalex.org/W2022874868","https://openalex.org/W2029691405","https://openalex.org/W2033183743","https://openalex.org/W2034021589","https://openalex.org/W2043161077","https://openalex.org/W2044056059","https://openalex.org/W2048673788","https://openalex.org/W2061238729","https://openalex.org/W2061445663","https://openalex.org/W2066141110","https://openalex.org/W2070490848","https://openalex.org/W2087142542","https://openalex.org/W2088445780","https://openalex.org/W2092427906","https://openalex.org/W2093781769","https://openalex.org/W2109570268","https://openalex.org/W2128385390","https://openalex.org/W2151430914","https://openalex.org/W2161512371","https://openalex.org/W2200307175","https://openalex.org/W2209307964","https://openalex.org/W2316724514","https://openalex.org/W2316964395","https://openalex.org/W2319361437","https://openalex.org/W2321765451","https://openalex.org/W2323024678","https://openalex.org/W2323025989","https://openalex.org/W2328660183","https://openalex.org/W2329620168","https://openalex.org/W2330863759","https://openalex.org/W2941550025","https://openalex.org/W4213335967","https://openalex.org/W4229613485","https://openalex.org/W4230058984","https://openalex.org/W4231837216","https://openalex.org/W4233916324","https://openalex.org/W4242765779","https://openalex.org/W4244020777","https://openalex.org/W4255992935"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2048673788","https://openalex.org/W2044056059","https://openalex.org/W2006834329","https://openalex.org/W4224242289","https://openalex.org/W1966373509","https://openalex.org/W2022988511","https://openalex.org/W3122219954","https://openalex.org/W1889537043","https://openalex.org/W2253960045","https://openalex.org/W1990210426"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"analyzes":[2],"major":[3],"problems":[4],"of":[5,31,39,51,73,82,90,99,120],"Korean":[6,20,33,35,59,75,102,115,124],"immigrant":[7],"entrepreneurs":[8,60,76,116],"in":[9,22,55,106],"the":[10,32,118,128],"United":[11],"States.":[12],"It":[13],"is":[14],"based":[15],"on":[16,95],"interviews":[17],"with":[18],"557":[19],"immigrants":[21,103],"Los":[23],"Angeles,":[24],"ethnic":[25,129,133,136],"newspaper":[26],"articles":[27],"and":[28,46,70,92,112,135,140],"personal":[29],"observations":[30],"community.":[34],"entrepreneurs\u2019":[36],"long":[37],"hours":[38],"work":[40],"are":[41,61,77,104],"detrimental":[42],"to":[43,63,79],"their":[44,52,83,93],"physical":[45],"psychological":[47],"well-being.":[48],"Also,":[49],"because":[50,81],"business":[53],"concentration":[54],"low-income,":[56],"minority":[57],"areas,":[58],"subject":[62],"frequent":[64],"armed":[65],"robberies,":[66],"shoplifting,":[67],"strikes,":[68],"boycotts":[69],"other":[71],"forms":[72],"rejection.":[74],"vulnerable":[78],"exploitation":[80],"dependence":[84,94],"upon":[85],"outgroup":[86],"members":[87],"for":[88,97],"supplies":[89],"merchandise":[91],"landlords":[96],"leases":[98],"store":[100],"buildings.":[101],"engaged":[105],"low":[107],"level,":[108],"blue":[109],"collar":[110],"businesses,":[111],"thus":[113],"most":[114],"face":[117],"problem":[119],"status":[121],"inconsistency.":[122],"Finally,":[123],"immigrants\u2019":[125],"segregation":[126],"into":[127],"sub-economy,":[130],"while":[131],"enhancing":[132],"attachment":[134],"solidarity,":[137],"hinders":[138],"cultural":[139],"social":[141],"assimilation.":[142]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
