{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2315567396","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/278372","title":"Early Cultures in Northwestern America","display_name":"Early Cultures in Northwestern America","publication_year":1962,"publication_date":"1962-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2315567396","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/278372","mag":"2315567396"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/278372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/278372","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/278372","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34864311","display_name":"American Antiquity","issn_l":"0002-7316","issn":["0002-7316","2325-5064"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Antiquity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104387624","display_name":"Earl H. Swanson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106969075","display_name":"Idaho State University","ror":"https://ror.org/0162z8b04","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106969075"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Earl H. Swanson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Idaho State College Museum, Pocatello, Idaho"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Idaho State College Museum, Pocatello, Idaho","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106969075"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5104387624"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106969075"],"apc_list":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.7137,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98527556,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"2","first_page":"151","last_page":"158"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10421","display_name":"Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology","score":0.8931000232696533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10421","display_name":"Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology","score":0.8931000232696533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10087","display_name":"Archaeology and ancient environmental studies","score":0.07190000265836716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3302","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13831","display_name":"Archaeological and Geological Studies","score":0.01979999989271164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology (arts and humanities)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-human-culture","display_name":"early human culture","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/northwestern-north-america","display_name":"northwestern North America","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-identification","display_name":"cultural identification","score":0.5529999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/archaeological-chronology","display_name":"archaeological chronology","score":0.6439999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intercultural-relations","display_name":"intercultural relations","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/desert-culture","display_name":"desert culture","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prehistoric-archaeology","display_name":"prehistoric archaeology","score":0.6449999809265137}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.7236147522926331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781256819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16828835","display_name":"Antecedent (behavioral psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6781937479972839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.4324128031730652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777011882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5193493","display_name":"Culture change","level":2,"score":0.4278976619243622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.3345454931259155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.32349324226379395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.2385467290878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.2052541971206665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.20197856426239014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.1863543689250946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.11381703615188599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.09012439846992493}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/278372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/278372","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/278372","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S34864311","display_name":"American Antiquity","issn_l":"0002-7316","issn":["0002-7316","2325-5064"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Antiquity","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W573893359","https://openalex.org/W619623129","https://openalex.org/W826850226","https://openalex.org/W1499421747","https://openalex.org/W2042676550","https://openalex.org/W2054303746","https://openalex.org/W2080182590","https://openalex.org/W2087230334","https://openalex.org/W2154202476","https://openalex.org/W2307367329","https://openalex.org/W2319776924","https://openalex.org/W2327902596","https://openalex.org/W2335368112","https://openalex.org/W4234725752","https://openalex.org/W4247827174","https://openalex.org/W4249162547"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210317507","https://openalex.org/W810853366","https://openalex.org/W745164714","https://openalex.org/W2256339482","https://openalex.org/W2765833848","https://openalex.org/W823480040","https://openalex.org/W850532988","https://openalex.org/W1517052491","https://openalex.org/W1873227380","https://openalex.org/W3140430868"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,71],"major":[2],"problem":[3],"in":[4,8,76,98,106,180,186,210,217],"studying":[5],"Early":[6],"Man":[7],"northwestern":[9,77],"America":[10,78],"would":[11],"appear":[12],"to":[13,41,95,170,212],"be":[14,96,116],"the":[15,21,80,92,99,110,112,127,136,171,195,218],"definition":[16],"of":[17,23,30,45,68,73,91,101,118,129,135,191,202],"adequate":[18],"criteria":[19],"for":[20],"identification":[22,72],"cultures.":[24,50,70,88],"What":[25],"is":[26,28,40,54,94,197],"needed":[27],"recognition":[29,67],"cultures":[31,141,176,207],"rather":[32,104],"than":[33,105],"technological":[34],"tool-making":[35],"traditions.":[36],"A":[37,51,189],"useful":[38],"approach":[39,196],"establish":[42],"a":[43,133,200],"model":[44],"relationships":[46,123],"between":[47],"environments":[48,65,75],"and":[49,58,62,121,161],"basic":[52,139],"assumption":[53],"that":[55,63,82,204],"both":[56],"environment":[57],"culture":[59,148],"are":[60,177,206],"continuous":[61],"present":[64],"permit":[66],"past":[69],"multiple":[74,86],"permits":[79],"deduction":[81],"there":[83,205],"were":[84],"also":[85],"early":[87,140],"Some":[89],"proof":[90],"models":[93],"seen":[97],"presence":[100],"archaeological":[102],"continuums":[103],"layer-cake":[107,113],"sequences.":[108],"In":[109],"Northwest":[111],"sequences":[114],"should":[115,124],"expressive":[117],"intercultural":[119],"relationships,":[120],"such":[122],"occur":[125],"on":[126],"margins":[128],"environmental":[130],"areas.":[131],"As":[132],"consequence":[134],"models,":[137],"three":[138,175],"have":[142,167],"been":[143,168],"defined,":[144],"with":[145],"one":[146],"potential":[147],"as":[149,199],"yet":[150],"undefined.":[151],"These":[152],"are:":[153],"(1)":[154],"Old":[155],"Cordilleran":[156],"culture,":[157,160,164],"(2)":[158],"Mountain-Plains":[159],"(3)":[162],"Bitterroot":[163],"which":[165],"may":[166],"antecedent":[169],"Desert":[172],"culture.":[173],"All":[174],"virtually":[178],"equal":[179],"geologic":[181],"time,":[182],"though":[183],"not":[184],"necessarily":[185],"absolute":[187],"time.":[188],"number":[190],"problems":[192],"remain,":[193],"but":[194],"suggested":[198],"means":[201],"recognizing":[203],"probably":[208],"equivalent":[209],"time":[211],"any":[213],"previously":[214],"recognized":[215],"elsewhere":[216],"New":[219],"World.":[220]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
