{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2315308554","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1602591","title":"The Early History of the Court","display_name":"The Early History of the Court","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2315308554","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1602591","mag":"2315308554","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9117363"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/1602591","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1602591","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1602591","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2920767","display_name":"The Future of Children","issn_l":"1054-8289","issn":["1054-8289","1550-1558"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-2","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315874","host_organization_name":"Princeton School of Public and International Affairs","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315874","https://openalex.org/P4310316273"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Princeton School of Public and International Affairs","Princeton University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Future of Children","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029687229","display_name":"Sanford J. Fox","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103531236","display_name":"Boston College","ror":"https://ror.org/02n2fzt79","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103531236"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sanford J. Fox","raw_affiliation_strings":["Boston College Law School, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Boston College Law School, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103531236"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029687229"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103531236"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":20.9105,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98965201,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"3","first_page":"29","last_page":"29"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13101","display_name":"Legal and Social Justice Studies","score":0.9423999786376953,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13101","display_name":"Legal and Social Justice Studies","score":0.9423999786376953,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13376","display_name":"Criminal Law and Policy","score":0.012600000016391277,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13763","display_name":"Historical Legal Studies and Society","score":0.011900000274181366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/juvenile-courts","display_name":"juvenile courts","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/juvenile-justice-history","display_name":"history of juvenile justice","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/juvenile-delinquency","display_name":"juvenile delinquency","score":0.8349999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependent-children","display_name":"dependent children","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/child-welfare-institutions","display_name":"child welfare institutions","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/child-placement","display_name":"child placement","score":0.48500001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-schools","display_name":"industrial schools","score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/juvenile-rehabilitation","display_name":"juvenile rehabilitation","score":0.4259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/due-process-rights","display_name":"due process rights","score":0.7789999842643738}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777711708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q468501","display_name":"Juvenile court","level":3,"score":0.7947382926940918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204434341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357789","display_name":"Adjudication","level":2,"score":0.6786028146743774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.6528809666633606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17319257","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21189184","display_name":"Statute","level":2,"score":0.6490780711174011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.516741931438446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71376074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1001125","display_name":"Juvenile delinquency","level":2,"score":0.5133058428764343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.4397146999835968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66487177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7311531","display_name":"Remand (court procedure)","level":3,"score":0.4322950839996338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.42296940088272095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158129432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7766927","display_name":"Statutory law","level":2,"score":0.4168369770050049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778063847","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4594605","display_name":"Magistrate","level":2,"score":0.415421724319458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.4072268009185791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.29979097843170166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778272461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190752","display_name":"Supreme court","level":2,"score":0.15002518892288208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.11096698045730591}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002651","descriptor_name":"Child Advocacy","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002651","descriptor_name":"Child Advocacy","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002669","descriptor_name":"Child Welfare","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002669","descriptor_name":"Child Welfare","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007603","descriptor_name":"Jurisprudence","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007604","descriptor_name":"Juvenile Delinquency","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007604","descriptor_name":"Juvenile Delinquency","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049672","descriptor_name":"History, 19th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049673","descriptor_name":"History, 20th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/1602591","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1602591","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1602591","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2920767","display_name":"The Future of Children","issn_l":"1054-8289","issn":["1054-8289","1550-1558"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-2","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315874","host_organization_name":"Princeton School of Public and International Affairs","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315874","https://openalex.org/P4310316273"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Princeton School of Public and International Affairs","Princeton University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Future of Children","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:9117363","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9117363","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Future of children","raw_type":"Historical Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W591373466","https://openalex.org/W616602848","https://openalex.org/W1521977086","https://openalex.org/W1991451932","https://openalex.org/W2021439618","https://openalex.org/W2048216680","https://openalex.org/W2067803642","https://openalex.org/W2131339700","https://openalex.org/W2797969683","https://openalex.org/W2801053328"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3041343323","https://openalex.org/W4388110989","https://openalex.org/W2131339700","https://openalex.org/W4238883391","https://openalex.org/W215334762","https://openalex.org/W2149559821","https://openalex.org/W3214462287","https://openalex.org/W48099846","https://openalex.org/W4415080788","https://openalex.org/W4235771469"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,57,159,245,295],"history":[1,26],"of":[2,16,27,34,48,51,79,115,165,181,225,235,242,257,273,289,331],"the":[3,11,24,28,32,41,46,55,95,108,112,116,142,163,166,175,188,195,209,214,223,226,233,236,240,243,258,270,274,277,287,290,298,311,327,332],"juvenile":[4,237,249],"court":[5,52,215,238,250],"precedes":[6],"its":[7],"formal":[8],"beginnings":[9],"in":[10,23,40,54,94,152,156,174,191,276,297,307,326],"Illinois":[12,58,167],"Juvenile":[13],"Court":[14],"Act":[15],"1899.":[17],"This":[18,229,280],"article":[19],"traces":[20],"key":[21],"trends":[22],"early":[25,67,299],"court,":[29],"beginning":[30],"with":[31,45,150],"founding":[33],"separate":[35],"penal":[36],"institutions":[37,176],"for":[38,187,216,219,247,262],"children":[39,77,82,127,210],"1820s":[42],"and":[43,63,81,101,125,144,194,221,267,269,334],"ending":[44],"development":[47,234],"critical":[49],"analyses":[50],"practice":[53,204,230],"1930s.":[56],"statute":[59,168],"distinguished":[60],"between":[61,265],"delinquent":[62,126],"dependent":[64,124],"youths.":[65],"However,":[66],"nineteenth-century":[68],"intervention":[69],"typically":[70],"did":[71,316],"not":[72],"make":[73],"such":[74],"a":[75,263],"distinction:":[76],"convicted":[78],"crimes":[80],"who":[83,211],"were":[84,91,103,120,132,169,323],"abandoned,":[85],"abused,":[86],"or":[87,141,155],"simply":[88],"very":[89],"poor":[90],"often":[92,148],"housed":[93],"same":[96],"institutions.":[97],"Both":[98],"criminal":[99],"behavior":[100],"poverty":[102],"viewed":[104],"as":[105],"threats":[106],"to":[107,122,134,171,302,318],"social":[109],"order.":[110],"In":[111],"second":[113],"half":[114],"nineteenth":[117],"century,":[118],"efforts":[119,161],"made":[121],"treat":[123],"differently.":[128],"Private":[129],"sectarian":[130],"agencies":[131],"founded":[133],"remove":[135],"noncriminal":[136],"youths":[137],"from":[138],"their":[139,217],"homes":[140],"almshouses":[143],"\"place":[145],"them":[146],"out,\"":[147],"either":[149],"families":[151],"other":[153],"states":[154],"industrial":[157],"schools.":[158],"reform":[160],"behind":[162],"passage":[164],"intended":[170],"create":[172],"improvements":[173],"that":[177],"intervened":[178],"on":[179,207],"behalf":[180],"children.":[182],"Reformers":[183],"showed":[184],"little":[185],"concern":[186],"procedures":[189],"used":[190],"these":[192],"interventions,":[193],"resulting":[196],"statutory":[197],"language":[198],"provides":[199],"few":[200],"procedural":[201,320],"guidelines.":[202],"Nineteenth-century":[203],"had":[205],"focused":[206],"assessing":[208],"came":[212,285],"before":[213],"fitness":[218],"rehabilitation":[220,309],"de-emphasized":[222],"adjudication":[224],"offense":[227],"itself.":[228],"continued":[231],"after":[232],"at":[239,286],"turn":[241],"century.":[244],"model":[246],"ideal":[248],"judicial":[251],"practice--epitomized":[252],"by":[253],"judge":[254,266,275],"Ben":[255],"Lindsey":[256],"Denver,":[259],"Colorado,":[260],"court--called":[261],"rapport":[264],"child":[268],"personal":[271,281],"involvement":[272,314],"child's":[278,291],"reformation.":[279],"treatment,":[282],"though":[283],"popular,":[284],"expense":[288],"due":[292,328],"process":[293,329],"rights.":[294],"movement":[296],"twentieth":[300],"century":[301],"involve":[303],"mental":[304],"health":[305],"professionals":[306],"this":[308],"diminished":[310],"court's":[312],"direct":[313],"but":[315],"nothing":[317],"address":[319],"inadequacies.":[321],"These":[322],"finally":[324],"resolved":[325],"cases":[330],"1960s":[333],"1970s.":[335]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
