{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2313747784","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/468925","title":"A Short History of Practical Criticism","display_name":"A Short History of Practical Criticism","publication_year":1979,"publication_date":"1979-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2313747784","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/468925","mag":"2313747784"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/468925","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/468925","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/468925","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117643613","display_name":"New Literary History","issn_l":"0028-6087","issn":["0028-6087","1080-661X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315678","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315678","https://openalex.org/P4310316510"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Johns Hopkins University Press","Johns Hopkins University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"New Literary History","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108204767","display_name":"Geoffrey H. Hartman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Geoffrey H. Hartman","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108204767"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.3946578,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"3","first_page":"495","last_page":"495"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13024","display_name":"Literary Theory and Cultural Hermeneutics","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13024","display_name":"Literary Theory and Cultural Hermeneutics","score":0.986299991607666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12974","display_name":"Modernist Literature and Criticism","score":0.0044999998062849045,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14149","display_name":"Historical and Literary Analyses","score":0.0024999999441206455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/practical-criticism","display_name":"practical criticism","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/i-a-richards","display_name":"I. A. Richards","score":0.8939999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/new-criticism","display_name":"New Criticism","score":0.9440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/close-reading","display_name":"close reading","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/literary-evaluation","display_name":"literary evaluation","score":0.9100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-literary-theory","display_name":"history of literary theory","score":0.5270000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seven-types-of-ambiguity","display_name":"Seven Types of Ambiguity","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/literary-education","display_name":"literary education","score":0.503000020980835}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7991579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17955","display_name":"Criticism","level":2,"score":0.6999915242195129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.3887646496295929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.3811100125312805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.3047237694263458}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/468925","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/468925","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/468925","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117643613","display_name":"New Literary History","issn_l":"0028-6087","issn":["0028-6087","1080-661X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315678","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315678","https://openalex.org/P4310316510"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Johns Hopkins University Press","Johns Hopkins University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"New Literary History","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1999704406","https://openalex.org/W7070569480","https://openalex.org/W2486479373","https://openalex.org/W2316292711","https://openalex.org/W2499700650","https://openalex.org/W4243125717","https://openalex.org/W4237142630","https://openalex.org/W2911660246","https://openalex.org/W4388373087","https://openalex.org/W4237045796"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"T":[0],"HAT":[1],"AT":[2],"PRESENT":[3],"preoccupies":[4],"scholars":[5],"and":[6,24,57,81,107,113,139,147,189,219,259,296,316],"students":[7,266],"in":[8,105,110,128,334],"the":[9,15,25,50,59,96,108,119,157,165,172,183,187,200,243,276,297,305,323],"/":[10],"literary":[11,46,122,282,317],"humanities":[12],"is":[13,31],"clear:":[14],"lack":[16],"of":[17,27,52,72,79,84,121,124,132,159,164,171,192,202,207,248,275,281,313,332],"interaction":[18],"between":[19],"v":[20,21],"their":[22,249],"profession":[23],"mainstream":[26],"society.":[28],"Though":[29],"this":[30,135],"a":[32,42,53,70,144,222,272,301],"recurrent":[33],"problem,":[34],"I.":[35],"A.":[36],"Richards":[37],"had":[38,252],"thought":[39],"to":[40,117,155,168,175,179,198,253,264,303,321],"find":[41],"secure":[43],"place":[44,293],"for":[45,151,329],"studies":[47,283],"by":[48],"denying":[49],"existence":[51],"phantom":[54],"aesthetic":[55],"state":[56],"basing":[58],"critic's":[60],"work":[61],"on":[62,242],"two":[63,66],"pillars.":[64],"The":[279],"pillars":[67],"upon":[68],"which":[69,177],"theory":[71],"criticism":[93],"must":[74],"rest":[75],"are":[76],"an":[77,82,90,169,208,285],"account":[78,83],"value":[80],"communication.1":[85],"Having":[86],"established":[87],"these":[88],"principles,":[89],"eminently":[91],"practical":[173],"became":[94],"possible;":[95],"book":[97],"Practical":[98,307],"Criticism":[99,308],"appeared":[100],"some":[101],"fifty":[102],"years":[103],"ago,":[104],"1929;":[106],"term,":[109],"its":[111,292],"modesty":[112],"common":[114],"sense,":[115],"helped":[116],"assure":[118],"success":[120],"techniques":[123],"close":[125,138],"reading.":[126],"Although":[127],"Empson's":[129],"Seven":[130],"Types":[131],"Ambiguity":[133],"(1930)":[134],"effort":[136],"at":[137],"discriminating":[140],"reading":[141],"already":[142],"showed":[143],"quasi-theological":[145],"strain,":[146],"signaled":[148],"Trouble":[149],"Ahead":[150],"those":[152],"who":[153],"wished":[154],"bound":[156],"infinite":[158],"interpretive":[160],"studies,":[161],"certain":[162],"developments":[163],"1930s":[166],"led":[167],"institutionalization":[170],"approach":[174],"literature,":[176],"came":[178],"be":[180,322],"known":[181],"as":[182,240,255,257,300],"New":[184],"Criticism.":[185],"First,":[186],"political":[188],"economic":[190],"unrest":[191],"that":[193,235,289],"time":[194],"made":[195],"it":[196],"important":[197],"protect":[199],"study":[201],"art":[203],"from":[204,212,216],"imperious":[205],"demands":[206],"ideological":[209],"nature,":[210],"emanating":[211],"politics,":[213],"but":[214],"also":[215],"positive":[217],"philosophy":[218],"science;":[220],"then,":[221],"move":[223],"toward":[224],"mass":[225],"education,":[226],"speeding":[227],"up":[228],"significantly":[229],"after":[230],"World":[231],"War":[232],"II,":[233],"meant":[234,288],"teachers":[236],"could":[237],"not":[238],"rely":[239],"much":[241],"patience":[244],"or":[245,325],"privileged":[246],"background":[247],"students.":[250],"Teachers":[251],"educate":[254],"well":[256],"initiate;":[258],"new":[260],"textbooks":[261],"were":[262],"developed":[263],"give":[265],"more":[267],"quickly":[268],"than":[269],"proved":[270],"possible":[271],"modest":[273],"mastery":[274],"cultural":[277],"goods.":[278],"expansion":[280],"within":[284],"academic":[286],"framework":[287],"English":[290],"took":[291],"beside":[294],"History":[295],"Moral":[298],"Sciences":[299],"School":[302],"train":[304],"judgment.":[306],"was":[309,319],"subtitled":[310],"A":[311],"Study":[312],"Literary":[314],"Judgment,":[315],"judgment":[318,333],"deemed":[320],"best":[324],"most":[326],"liberal":[327],"preparation":[328],"other":[330],"kinds":[331]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
