{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2313063875","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2014-1123","title":"Inertial Effects Due to Passive Wing Morphing in Ornithopters","display_name":"Inertial Effects Due to Passive Wing Morphing in Ornithopters","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2313063875","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2014-1123","mag":"2313063875"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2514/6.2014-1123","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2014-1123","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2014-1123","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407089071","display_name":"AIAA/AHS Adaptive Structures Conference","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"22nd AIAA/ASME/AHS Adaptive Structures Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076771658","display_name":"Aimy A. Wissa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8468-511X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8468-511X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aimy Wissa","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland, College Park"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, College Park","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015550807","display_name":"James E. Hubbard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8817-5934","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8817-5934"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James E. Hubbard","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland, College Park"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, College Park","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086926226","display_name":"Yashwanth Tummala","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yashwanth Tummala","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pennsylvania State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pennsylvania State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086256522","display_name":"Mary Frecker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7621-3429","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7621-3429"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mary Frecker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pennsylvania State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pennsylvania State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025904378","display_name":"Margaret Northrup","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66946132","display_name":"University of Maryland, College Park","ror":"https://ror.org/047s2c258","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Margaret Northrup","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Maryland, College Park"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Maryland, College Park","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66946132"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1228,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76659931,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11170","display_name":"Biomimetic flight and propulsion mechanisms","score":0.9839000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11170","display_name":"Biomimetic flight and propulsion mechanisms","score":0.9839000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11096","display_name":"Aeroelasticity and Vibration Control","score":0.01489999983459711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10868","display_name":"Soft Robotics and Applications","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ornithopter","display_name":"ornithopter","score":0.902999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-effects","display_name":"inertial effects","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerodynamic-effects","display_name":"aerodynamic effects","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lift","display_name":"lift force","score":0.5849999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thrust","display_name":"thrust","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pitching-moment","display_name":"pitching moment","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flapping-frequency","display_name":"flapping frequency","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vacuum-chamber-testing","display_name":"vacuum chamber testing","score":0.6179999709129333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50637493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1136781","display_name":"Morphing","level":2,"score":0.908462643623352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97257150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161358","display_name":"Wing","level":2,"score":0.6997325420379639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5778306126594543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173386949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192735","display_name":"Inertial frame of reference","level":2,"score":0.5220779776573181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.31580275297164917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1931195855140686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.12448948621749878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10585561394691467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2514/6.2014-1123","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2014-1123","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2014-1123","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407089071","display_name":"AIAA/AHS Adaptive Structures Conference","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"22nd AIAA/ASME/AHS Adaptive Structures Conference","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332378","display_name":"Langley Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/0399mhs52"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338279","display_name":"Air Force Office of Scientific Research","ror":"https://ror.org/011e9bt93"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W76383221","https://openalex.org/W1972970165","https://openalex.org/W1976238407","https://openalex.org/W2016965960","https://openalex.org/W2031601852","https://openalex.org/W2054444714","https://openalex.org/W2065713012","https://openalex.org/W2072803238","https://openalex.org/W2086573806","https://openalex.org/W2091808405","https://openalex.org/W2102307969","https://openalex.org/W2104000292","https://openalex.org/W2151115856","https://openalex.org/W2171392308","https://openalex.org/W2317917510"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1554403467","https://openalex.org/W2104000292","https://openalex.org/W2031601852","https://openalex.org/W2120482921","https://openalex.org/W2054444714","https://openalex.org/W47913549","https://openalex.org/W2317917510","https://openalex.org/W2016965960","https://openalex.org/W1974513443","https://openalex.org/W2393231795"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Margaret":[0],"Northrup":[1],"University":[2],"of":[3,7,24,56,85,102,116,174,247,255,268,271,297,309],"Maryland,":[4],"National":[5],"Institute":[6],"Aerospace,":[8],"Hampton,":[9],"VA,":[10],"23666":[11],"Abstract":[12],"Passive":[13],"wing":[14,27,54,208,224,249],"morphing":[15],"has":[16,35],"proved":[17],"to":[18,21,89,99,126,178,251,306,315],"be":[19],"beneficial":[20],"the":[22,51,61,68,91,100,103,107,117,120,128,132,134,180,187,194,200,205,216,232,241,248,253,266,269,277,290,298,302,307,310],"performance":[23,304],"small":[25],"flapping":[26,191],"un-manned":[28],"air":[29],"vehicles":[30],"or":[31],"ornithopters.":[32],"Previous":[33],"work":[34],"shown":[36],"that":[37,96,295],"passive":[38],"morphing,":[39],"achieved":[40],"by":[41,64,71,186],"inserting":[42],"a":[43,47,57,113,139,171,219],"compliant":[44,48,104,236,273,311],"mechanism":[45],"called":[46],"spine":[49,237,274],"into":[50],"leading":[52,242],"edge":[53,243],"spar":[55,244],"test":[58],"ornithopter,":[59],"reduced":[60],"power":[62],"consumption":[63],"45%":[65],"and":[66,80,93,109,152,160,182,280,284,317],"increased":[67],"mean":[69],"lift":[70,181],"16%":[72],"without":[73],"incurring":[74],"any":[75],"thrust":[76,183],"penalties":[77],"during":[78],"straight":[79],"level":[81],"flight.":[82],"The":[83,166,212,226,259],"focus":[84],"this":[86,263],"paper":[87,264],"is":[88,197,215],"isolate":[90,127],"inertial":[92,108,129,319],"aerodynamic":[94,316],"effects":[95,130],"occur":[97],"due":[98,305,314],"presence":[101,270,308],"spine.":[105],"Isolating":[106],"aerodynamics":[110],"effect":[111,267],"enables":[112],"better":[114],"understanding":[115],"reason":[118],"behind":[119],"aforementioned":[121],"force":[122],"benefits.":[123],"In":[124],"order":[125],"from":[131],"aerodynamics,":[133],"ornithopter":[135,167,188,217,233],"was":[136,154,168],"placed":[137],"inside":[138],"5":[140,143],"foot":[141,144],"x":[142],"vacuum":[145,157],"chamber":[146],"at":[147,156,161,189,245],"NASA":[148],"Langley":[149],"Research":[150],"Center":[151],"it":[153],"tested":[155,230],"(1":[158],"Torr)":[159],"ambient":[162],"pressure":[163],"(760":[164],"Torr).":[165],"mounted":[169],"on":[170,276],"6":[172],"degrees":[173],"freedom":[175],"load":[176,202],"cell":[177],"measure":[179],"forces":[184],"produced":[185],"various":[190,235],"frequencies.":[192],"Also":[193],"pitching":[195,285],"moment":[196,286],"measured":[198],"using":[199],"same":[201],"cell.":[203],"During":[204],"test,":[206],"four":[207],"configurations":[209,229],"are":[210,231,287,313],"tested.":[211],"first":[213],"configuration":[214],"with":[218,234],"uniform,":[220],"solid,":[221],"carbon":[222],"fiber":[223],"spar.":[225],"remaining":[227],"three":[228],"designs,":[238],"inserted":[239],"in":[240,262,301],"37%":[246],"half-span":[250],"mimic":[252],"function":[254],"an":[256],"avian":[257],"wrist.":[258],"results":[260],"presented":[261],"compare":[265],"several":[272],"designs":[275],"ornithopter's":[278],"inertia":[279],"aerodynamics.":[281],"Lift,":[282],"thrust,":[283],"used":[288],"as":[289],"comparison":[291],"metrics.":[292],"Results":[293],"show":[294],"all":[296],"benefits":[299],"observed":[300],"vehicle\u2019s":[303],"spines":[312],"not":[318],"effects.":[320]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}