{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2311684149","doi":null,"title":"Colonialism and Locality: Economic Life in the Market Towns of Jhelum Canal Colony, 1902-1930","display_name":"Colonialism and Locality: Economic Life in the Market Towns of Jhelum Canal Colony, 1902-1930","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2311684149","mag":"2311684149"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2311684149","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-3910806611/colonialism-and-locality-economic-life-in-the-market","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764826823","display_name":"Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society","issn_l":"0030-9796","issn":["0030-9796"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-3910806611/colonialism-and-locality-economic-life-in-the-market","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103058323","display_name":"Tahir Mahmood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9169-8517","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9169-8517"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tahir Mahmood","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9169-8517","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103058323"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":"3","first_page":"7","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14141","display_name":"Colonial History and Postcolonial Studies","score":0.7289999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14141","display_name":"Colonial History and Postcolonial Studies","score":0.7289999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12949","display_name":"South Asian Studies and Diaspora","score":0.05869999900460243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10605","display_name":"Historical Economic and Social Studies","score":0.051600001752376556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/market-towns","display_name":"market towns","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/colonialism","display_name":"colonialism","score":0.5669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/locality","display_name":"locality","score":0.4729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-history","display_name":"economic history","score":0.5720000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wheat-trade","display_name":"wheat trade","score":0.45399999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cotton-trade","display_name":"cotton trade","score":0.5759999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sargodha","display_name":"Sargodha","score":0.6940000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/punjab","display_name":"Punjab","score":0.5929999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/british-colonial-rule","display_name":"British colonial rule","score":0.5379999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-commercialization","display_name":"agricultural commercialization","score":0.625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trade-networks","display_name":"trade networks","score":0.30799999833106995}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.65201336145401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.5783798098564148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.477967232465744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88862950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11453","display_name":"Irrigation","level":2,"score":0.47676950693130493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157140304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q396108","display_name":"Agrarian society","level":3,"score":0.4357331693172455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48824518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q396340","display_name":"Agricultural economics","level":1,"score":0.37960678339004517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45355965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomics","level":1,"score":0.33482879400253296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.1841878592967987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.15670910477638245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.1397867500782013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.12908205389976501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.11222687363624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2311684149","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-3910806611/colonialism-and-locality-economic-life-in-the-market","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764826823","display_name":"Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society","issn_l":"0030-9796","issn":["0030-9796"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"mag:2311684149","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-3910806611/colonialism-and-locality-economic-life-in-the-market","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764826823","display_name":"Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society","issn_l":"0030-9796","issn":["0030-9796"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society","raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5378999710083008,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3010289788","https://openalex.org/W3186697075","https://openalex.org/W4230197117","https://openalex.org/W4200586553","https://openalex.org/W2904032638","https://openalex.org/W7168087056","https://openalex.org/W2788064085","https://openalex.org/W2811229622","https://openalex.org/W1506251282","https://openalex.org/W3004003316"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"IntroductionPunjab":[0],"witnessed":[1],"many":[2],"changes":[3],"under":[4],"the":[5,14,20,22,25,52,55,64,78,82,87,98,106,171,178,187,197,200,212,225,228,241,263,289,303,309,311,315,320,334,337,358,369,374,381,389,394,418,425,431,436,440,470,487,492,495,499,514,518,524,527,531,536,541,555,569,578,587,618,623,630],"British":[6,23,129,312],"rule.":[7],"The":[8,59,70,128,454,571,611],"most":[9,370,539],"important":[10,371],"among":[11],"them":[12],"was":[13,72,91,140,182,268,284,294,323,346,368,377,543,552,557,563,575,614],"establishment":[15,107,172,201],"of":[16,27,37,42,51,57,67,86,108,159,173,202,288,305,342,373,399,439,489,494,523,533,540,580,596,604,620,629],"canal":[17,39,60,99,188,588],"colonies.":[18,100],"In":[19,148,246,318,469],"1880s,":[21],"started":[24,474],"process":[26],"massive":[28],"irrigation":[29,213],"schemes":[30],"which":[31,112,139,267,442,551],"culminated":[32],"in":[33,81,97,125,146,165,184,193,274,281,291,296,300,308,352,462,486,526,535,568,606],"an":[34],"extensive":[35],"network":[36],"perennial":[38],"system.":[40,633],"Introduction":[41],"canals,":[43],"rail":[44,556],"and":[45,76,117,121,156,186,208,254,258,276,298,405,421,452,467,480,517,559,561,583,593,601,626],"road":[46,280],"networks":[47],"transformed":[48],"barren":[49],"areas":[50,62,590],"province":[53,155,167],"into":[54],"breadbasket":[56],"India.":[58,147],"colony":[61,216,290,589],"became":[63,102,152],"pace":[65],"setters":[66],"economic":[68,306],"development.":[69],"aim":[71],"to":[73,115,144,190,272,278,327,350,361,388,446,478,491,506,591],"boost":[74],"agriculture":[75],"reduce":[77],"population":[79],"pressure":[80],"heavily":[83],"congested":[84],"districts":[85,234],"central":[88,229],"Punjab.":[89],"Wheat":[90,120],"grown":[92],"on":[93,135,177,262,333,417,424],"a":[94,132,153,157,330,343,413,507],"large":[95,126,390],"scale":[96],"Agricultural":[101],"rapidly":[103],"commercialised":[104],"with":[105,211,617],"new":[109,244,249,363],"market":[110,250,364,415],"towns,":[111],"were":[113,123,222,235,252,260],"linked":[114],"Bombay":[116,451],"Karachi":[118,592],"ports.":[119],"cotton":[122],"exported":[124],"quantities.":[127],"had":[130,410,458],"incurred":[131],"huge":[133],"expenditure":[134],"all":[136],"these":[137,166,362,472],"developments":[138,169],"unprecedented":[141],"as":[142,220,230,232,286,412,430],"compared":[143],"elsewhere":[145],"this":[149,247],"way":[150,198,445],"Punjab":[151,605,621],"model":[154],"symbol":[158],"agrarian":[160],"development.1":[161],"Shahpur":[162,326,612],"district":[163,310,321,613],"shared":[164],"wide":[168],"through":[170,598,622],"Jhelum":[174,180,203,420,426],"Canal":[175,181,204],"Colony.Work":[176],"Lower":[179],"initiated":[183],"1897":[185],"began":[189],"irrigate":[191],"land":[192],"1901.":[194],"It":[195,376],"paved":[196],"for":[199,434],"Colony":[205],"between":[206,513],"1902":[207],"1906.":[209,282],"Along":[210],"channels":[214],"337":[215],"villages":[217],"(locally":[218],"knows":[219],"chaks)":[221],"established":[223,261,285,295],"where":[224],"grantees":[226],"from":[227,270,325,348,357],"well":[231],"north-western":[233],"settled.":[236],"Rapid":[237],"agricultural":[238,573,607],"transformation":[239],"necessitated":[240],"growth":[242],"uf":[243],"markets.":[245],"regard":[248],"towns":[251],"planned":[253],"developed.":[255],"Sargodha,":[256],"Bhulwal":[257,293,351],"Phularwan":[259,299],"Jech-Doab":[264,627],"Railway":[265,632],"line,":[266],"extended":[269],"Malakwal":[271],"Sargodha":[273,283,328],"1903":[275,297],"further":[277],"Shorkot":[279],"headquarter":[287,322,345],"1902.":[292],"1904.":[301],"With":[302],"relocation":[304],"influence":[307],"also":[313],"shifted":[314,324,347,356],"administrative":[316,340],"headquarters.":[317],"1914":[319],"leaving":[329],"devastating":[331],"impact":[332],"former.":[335],"Similarly":[336],"tehsil":[338],"(an":[339],"sub-division":[341],"district)":[344],"Bhera":[349,481],"1917.":[353],"Trade":[354],"gradually":[355],"local":[359],"markets":[360],"towns.For":[365],"example,":[366],"wheat":[367],"crop":[372],"district.":[375,537],"locally":[378],"purchased":[379],"by":[380,546,577],"village":[382],"shopkeepers":[383],"who":[384,503],"would":[385],"sell":[386],"it":[387,428,562],"grain":[391,501],"merchants":[392],"at":[393],"older":[395],"river":[396,419,547],"based":[397],"centres":[398],"trade,":[400],"namely":[401],"Mi\u00e2ni,":[402],"Bhera,":[403],"Khushab":[404,409,479],"Sahiwal.":[406],"By":[407,585],"1866":[408],"emerged":[411],"principal":[414],"town":[416],"'its":[422],"situation":[423],"pointed":[427],"out":[429,545],"best":[432],"port":[433],"shipping":[435],"surplus":[437],"produce":[438,608],"district,":[441],"found":[443],"its":[444,566],"Multan,":[447],"Sukhar":[448],"(Sukkur),":[449],"Karachi,":[450],"England.'2":[453],"European":[455],"exporting":[456,519],"firms":[457,473],"opened":[459],"their":[460,476],"agencies":[461],"big":[463],"cities":[464],"like":[465],"Multan":[466],"Sukkur.":[468],"1870s":[471],"sending":[475],"agents":[477],"thus":[482],"eliminating":[483],"one":[484],"link":[485],"chain":[488],"trade":[490,534,542,574,603],"benefit":[493],"peasant":[496,515],"producer.":[497],"Yet":[498],"petty":[500],"dealer,":[502],"usually":[504],"belonged":[505],"Hindu":[508],"trading":[509],"class,":[510],"still":[511],"existed":[512],"producer":[516],"firms'":[520],"brokers.3The":[521],"introduction":[522,567],"railways":[525,582],"1880s":[528],"greatly":[529],"altered":[530],"course":[532],"Formerly":[538],"carried":[544],"boats":[548],"or":[549],"camels,":[550],"cheaper.":[553],"However,":[554],"safer":[558],"quicker":[560],"preferred":[564],"after":[565],"district.4":[570],"district's":[572],"boosted":[576],"infrastructure":[579],"roads,":[581],"canals.":[584],"linking":[586],"other":[594],"parts":[595],"India":[597],"railways,":[599],"internal":[600],"external":[602],"increased":[609],"dramatically.":[610],"mainly":[615],"connected":[616],"rest":[619],"Sindh-Sagar":[624],"branch":[625,628],"North-Western":[631],"\u2026":[634]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}