{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2305820002","doi":null,"title":"Non-genetic risk determinants of type 1 diabetes.","display_name":"Non-genetic risk determinants of type 1 diabetes.","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2305820002","mag":"2305820002","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8001712"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:8001712","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8001712","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diabete & metabolisme","raw_type":"Comparative Study"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073665274","display_name":"Gisela G Dahlquist","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90267481","display_name":"Ume\u00e5 University","ror":"https://ror.org/05kb8h459","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90267481"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"G Dahlquist","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept of Pediatrics, University of Umea, Sweden","Department of Pediatrics, University of Ume\u00e5, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept of Pediatrics, University of Umea, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90267481"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Ume\u00e5, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90267481"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073665274"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90267481"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1712,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.50905488,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"3","first_page":"251","last_page":"7"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11171","display_name":"Diabetes and associated disorders","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11171","display_name":"Diabetes and associated disorders","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10560","display_name":"Diabetes Management and Research","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10261","display_name":"Genetic Associations and Epidemiology","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-1-diabetes","display_name":"type 1 diabetes","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-genetic-risk-factors","display_name":"non-genetic risk factors","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monozygotic-twin-concordance","display_name":"monozygotic twin concordance","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seasonal-variation","display_name":"seasonal variation","score":0.5249999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/migrants","display_name":"migrants","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cow-s-milk-protein","display_name":"cow's milk protein","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nitrosamines","display_name":"nitrosamines","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/growth-rate","display_name":"growth rate","score":0.7950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infectious-disease-exposure","display_name":"infectious disease exposure","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cold-environment","display_name":"cold environment","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stressful-life-events","display_name":"life events","score":0.871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beta-cell-destruction","display_name":"beta cell destruction","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoimmunity","display_name":"autoimmunity","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gene-environment-interaction","display_name":"gene-environment interaction","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primary-prevention","display_name":"primary prevention","score":0.7310000061988831}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.642080545425415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.6366657614707947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160798450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4230870","display_name":"Concordance","level":2,"score":0.5602178573608398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777180221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025883","display_name":"Type 2 diabetes","level":3,"score":0.5437473058700562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.47650066018104553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4581349194049835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.4211665391921997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.4057825803756714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.3989103436470032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.3364436626434326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42407357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q521","display_name":"Physiology","level":1,"score":0.32297295331954956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.24024155735969543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.15665683150291443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000595","descriptor_name":"Amino Acid Sequence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001327","descriptor_name":"Autoimmune Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001327","descriptor_name":"Autoimmune Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002417","descriptor_name":"Cattle","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003922","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1","qualifier_ui":"Q000209","qualifier_name":"etiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003922","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003922","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004200","descriptor_name":"Diseases in Twins","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006683","descriptor_name":"HLA-DQ Antigens","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006684","descriptor_name":"HLA-DR Antigens","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008969","descriptor_name":"Molecular Sequence Data","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012307","descriptor_name":"Risk Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012710","descriptor_name":"Serum Albumin, Bovine","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014430","descriptor_name":"Twins, Monozygotic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015994","descriptor_name":"Incidence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017386","descriptor_name":"Sequence Homology, Amino Acid","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017668","descriptor_name":"Age of Onset","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018433","descriptor_name":"Twin Studies as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:8001712","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8001712","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Diabete & metabolisme","raw_type":"Comparative Study"},{"id":"mag:2305820002","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8001712","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.98580002784729}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2050823896","https://openalex.org/W2066178306","https://openalex.org/W2238250083","https://openalex.org/W2971071832","https://openalex.org/W4248645318","https://openalex.org/W4239244968","https://openalex.org/W1937546065","https://openalex.org/W2062374822","https://openalex.org/W2086716561","https://openalex.org/W2033344048"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"low":[1],"concordance":[2],"rate":[3],"of":[4,46,71,76,119,137,139,187,192,240,242],"Type":[5,77,199],"1":[6,78,200],"diabetes":[7,201],"among":[8,60],"monozygotic":[9],"twins":[10],"clearly":[11],"indicate":[12],"that":[13,64,87,195],"genetic":[14],"risk":[15,68,93,113,148,193,202,219,245],"factors":[16,69,114],"may":[17,110,142,168],"be":[18,111],"necessary":[19,231],"but":[20],"are":[21,70,88,196,230],"not":[22],"sufficient":[23],"for":[24,73,94,251],"the":[25,35,47,74,95,117,122,182,209,234,238,243,255],"disease":[26,48],"to":[27,104,129,157,232,247],"occur.":[28],"Descriptive":[29],"epidemiological":[30,81,226],"studies":[31,82,229],"from":[32],"all":[33],"over":[34],"world":[36],"have":[37,83,216],"disclosed":[38,217],"clear":[39],"age,":[40],"sex":[41],"seasonal":[42],"and":[43,50,59,106,133,164,177,211,213,227,237],"geographical":[44],"variability":[45],"occurrence":[49],"also":[51],"increasing":[52],"incidence":[53],"rates":[54],"by":[55],"time":[56],"within":[57],"countries":[58],"migrant":[61],"groups":[62],"indicating":[63],"several":[65],"different":[66,218,222],"non-genetic":[67,112,244],"importance":[72],"etiology":[75],"diabetes.":[79],"Analytical":[80],"further":[84],"indicated":[85],"exposures":[86],"associated":[89,115,197],"with":[90,116,198],"an":[91,170],"increased":[92,178],"disease.":[96],"Thus,":[97],"early":[98,127],"fetal":[99],"events":[100,167],"such":[101,150],"as":[102,144,151],"exposure":[103,128,156],"viruses":[105],"maternal":[107],"blood-group":[108],"incompatibility":[109],"initiation":[118],"auto-immunity":[120],"in":[121,221,254],"genetically":[123],"susceptible":[124],"child.":[125],"Further,":[126],"cow's":[130],"milk":[131],"protein":[132],"a":[134,152,161,205,249],"high":[135,153],"frequency":[136],"intake":[138],"nitrosamine-rich":[140],"food":[141],"act":[143],"initiating":[145],"events.":[146],"Other":[147],"determinants":[149,194,246],"growth":[154],"rate,":[155],"many":[158],"infectious":[159],"diseases,":[160],"cold":[162],"environment":[163,212],"stressful":[165],"life":[166],"promote":[169],"already":[171],"ongoing":[172],"autoimmune":[173],"destructive":[174],"process":[175],"causing":[176],"work":[179],"load":[180],"on":[181],"beta-cell":[183],"or":[184],"through":[185],"induction":[186],"lymphokine":[188],"release.":[189],"The":[190],"diversity":[191],"points":[203],"at":[204],"complex":[206],"interaction":[207],"between":[208],"genome":[210],"multivariate":[214],"analyses":[215],"profiles":[220],"age":[223],"groups.":[224],"Further":[225],"experimental":[228],"disclose":[233],"causal":[235],"relationship":[236],"mechanism":[239],"action":[241],"provide":[248],"basis":[250],"primary":[252],"prevention":[253],"general":[256],"population.":[257]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}