{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2300944017","doi":null,"title":"Challenges in Estimating the Causal Effect of an Intervention with Pre-Post Data (Part 1): Definition & Identification of the Causal Parameter","display_name":"Challenges in Estimating the Causal Effect of an Intervention with Pre-Post Data (Part 1): Definition & Identification of the Causal Parameter","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2300944017","mag":"2300944017"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:biostats.bepress.com:ucbbiostat-1325","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://biostats.bepress.com/ucbbiostat/paper319","pdf_url":"https://biostats.bepress.com/ucbbiostat/paper319","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196124","display_name":"Collection of Biostatistics Research Archive","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"U.C. Berkeley Division of Biostatistics Working Paper Series","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://biostats.bepress.com/ucbbiostat/paper319","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025210756","display_name":"Ann M. Weber","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8130-5858","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8130-5858"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ann M. Weber","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University ()"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8130-5858","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University ()","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110130449","display_name":"Mark J. van der Laan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1432-5511","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1432-5511"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark J. van der Laan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California\u2013Berkeley"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California\u2013Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068971702","display_name":"Maya L. Petersen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5505-153X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5505-153X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maya Petersen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California\u2013Berkeley"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California\u2013Berkeley","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10845","display_name":"Advanced Causal Inference Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12010","display_name":"Evaluation and Performance Assessment","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3321","display_name":"Public Administration"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10243","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-effect-estimation","display_name":"causal effect estimation","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pre-post-assessment","display_name":"pre- and post-assessment","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unmeasured-confounding","display_name":"unmeasured confounding","score":0.9810000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/difference-in-differences","display_name":"difference-in-differences","score":0.6579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-causal-models","display_name":"structural causal models","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/directed-acyclic-graphs","display_name":"directed acyclic graphs","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nutrition-program-evaluation","display_name":"nutrition program evaluation","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/community-level-interventions","display_name":"community-level interventions","score":0.546999990940094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158600405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054566","display_name":"Causal inference","level":2,"score":0.8569982051849365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148220186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7111912","display_name":"Outcome (game theory)","level":2,"score":0.6398362517356873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77350462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1125472","display_name":"Confounding","level":2,"score":0.6342736482620239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23131810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q818574","display_name":"Observational study","level":2,"score":0.6188647747039795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.6035008430480957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122770356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1656753","display_name":"Identifiability","level":2,"score":0.5977090001106262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5914822220802307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11671645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054567","display_name":"Causal model","level":2,"score":0.5470293164253235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26831200","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16963953","display_name":"Marginal structural model","level":3,"score":0.5465188026428223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40423286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284172","display_name":"Selection bias","level":2,"score":0.4951123297214508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39469027519226074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.29987573623657227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.24091285467147827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.15907293558120728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:biostats.bepress.com:ucbbiostat-1325","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://biostats.bepress.com/ucbbiostat/paper319","pdf_url":"https://biostats.bepress.com/ucbbiostat/paper319","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196124","display_name":"Collection of Biostatistics Research Archive","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"U.C. Berkeley Division of Biostatistics Working Paper Series","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2300944017","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://biostats.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1325&context=ucbbiostat","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:biostats.bepress.com:ucbbiostat-1325","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://biostats.bepress.com/ucbbiostat/paper319","pdf_url":"https://biostats.bepress.com/ucbbiostat/paper319","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196124","display_name":"Collection of Biostatistics Research Archive","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"U.C. Berkeley Division of Biostatistics Working Paper Series","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.6240000128746033,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2300944017.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2300944017.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W51467624","https://openalex.org/W1573878645","https://openalex.org/W1597485487","https://openalex.org/W1766282485","https://openalex.org/W1964608889","https://openalex.org/W2000795003","https://openalex.org/W2034972655","https://openalex.org/W2049910836","https://openalex.org/W2050139386","https://openalex.org/W2062594082","https://openalex.org/W2074986870","https://openalex.org/W2082493747","https://openalex.org/W2100403645","https://openalex.org/W2101536960","https://openalex.org/W2128017766","https://openalex.org/W2158418369","https://openalex.org/W2159492200","https://openalex.org/W2160128568","https://openalex.org/W2161097564","https://openalex.org/W2552648643","https://openalex.org/W3144040573","https://openalex.org/W4248240383"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2020231423","https://openalex.org/W6983526938","https://openalex.org/W147740693","https://openalex.org/W1979932874","https://openalex.org/W2171299581","https://openalex.org/W4387540732","https://openalex.org/W3165449720","https://openalex.org/W2052523299","https://openalex.org/W2030287811","https://openalex.org/W7204105969"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"is":[1,20,197],"mixed":[2],"evidence":[3],"of":[4,7,17,25,29,43,62,77,87,152,173,180,190],"the":[5,15,30,32,41,53,57,63,74,95,103,130,144,159,177,191,194],"effectiveness":[6],"interventions":[8],"operating":[9],"on":[10],"a":[11,36,78,84,88,122,149,181,202],"large":[12],"scale.":[13],"Although":[14],"lack":[16],"consistent":[18],"results":[19,168],"generally":[21],"attributed":[22],"to":[23,34,49,83,146,201,207],"problems":[24],"implementation":[26],"or":[27],"governance":[28],"program,":[31],"failure":[33],"find":[35],"statistically":[37],"significant":[38],"effect":[39,179],"(or":[40],"success":[42],"finding":[44],"one)":[45],"may":[46],"be":[47],"due":[48],"choices":[50],"made":[51],"in":[52],"evaluation.":[54],"To":[55],"demonstrate":[56,120],"potential":[58,145],"limitations":[59],"and":[60,99,116,205],"pitfalls":[61],"usual":[64],"analytic":[65],"methods":[66],"used":[67],"for":[68,80,127,148],"estimating":[69,176],"causal":[70,81,109,178,195],"effects,":[71],"we":[72,119],"apply":[73],"first":[75],"half":[76],"roadmap":[79],"inference":[82],"pre-post":[85,184],"evaluation":[86],"community-level,":[89],"national":[90],"nutrition":[91],"program.":[92],"Selection":[93],"into":[94],"program":[96,182],"was":[97],"non-random":[98],"strongly":[100],"associated":[101],"with":[102,183],"pre-treatment":[104],"(lagged)":[105],"outcome.":[106],"Using":[107],"structural":[108],"models":[110],"(SCM),":[111],"directed":[112],"acyclic":[113],"graphs":[114],"(DAGs)":[115],"simulated":[117],"data,":[118],"that":[121],"post":[123],"treatment":[124],"estimand":[125],"controls":[126],"confounding":[128],"by":[129],"lagged":[131],"outcome":[132],"but":[133,155],"not":[134,165],"from":[135],"possible":[136],"unmeasured":[137,153],"confounders.":[138],"Two":[139],"separate":[140],"difference-in-differences":[141],"estimands":[142],"have":[143],"adjust":[147],"certain":[150],"type":[151],"confounding,":[154],"introduce":[156],"bias":[157],"if":[158],"additional":[160],"assumptions":[161,192],"they":[162],"require":[163],"are":[164],"met.":[166],"Our":[167],"reveal":[169],"an":[170],"important":[171],"issue":[172],"identifiability":[174],"when":[175],"observational":[185],"data.":[186],"A":[187],"careful":[188],"appraisal":[189],"underlying":[193],"model":[196,204],"imperative":[198],"before":[199],"committing":[200],"statistical":[203],"progressing":[206],"estimation.":[208]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}