{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2300904692","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sov097","title":"The Legitimacy of Protest: Explaining White Southerners' Attitudes Toward the Civil Rights Movement","display_name":"The Legitimacy of Protest: Explaining White Southerners' Attitudes Toward the Civil Rights Movement","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-08-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2300904692","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sov097","mag":"2300904692"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/sf/sov097","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sov097","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sov097","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130611943","display_name":"Social Forces","issn_l":"0037-7732","issn":["0037-7732","1534-7605"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-3","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social Forces","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055852719","display_name":"Kenneth T. Andrews","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4871-7353","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4871-7353"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","ror":"https://ror.org/0130frc33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kenneth T. Andrews","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of North Carolina\u2013Chapel Hill"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of North Carolina\u2013Chapel Hill","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019077184","display_name":"Kraig Beyerlein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0666-4938","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0666-4938"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I107639228","display_name":"University of Notre Dame","ror":"https://ror.org/00mkhxb43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kraig Beyerlein","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Notre Dame"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Notre Dame","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I107639228"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062876155","display_name":"Tuneka Tucker","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114027177","display_name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","ror":"https://ror.org/0130frc33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tuneka Tucker Farnum","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of North Carolina\u2013Chapel Hill"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of North Carolina\u2013Chapel Hill","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055852719"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114027177"],"apc_list":{"value":4152,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4152},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.2361,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":96,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97296879,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"94","issue":"3","first_page":"1021","last_page":"1044"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12765","display_name":"Race, History, and American Society","score":0.9868000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12765","display_name":"Race, History, and American Society","score":0.9868000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.006800000090152025,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13982","display_name":"Social Movements and Cultural Identity","score":0.004399999976158142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-rights-movement","display_name":"civil rights movement","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protest-legitimacy","display_name":"protest legitimacy","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/white-southerners","display_name":"white Southerners","score":0.7950000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sit-ins","display_name":"sit-ins","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jim-crow-segregation","display_name":"Jim Crow segregation","score":0.8180000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/church-attendance","display_name":"church attendance","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/race-relations","display_name":"race relations","score":0.5490000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-attainment","display_name":"educational attainment","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-south","display_name":"Deep South","score":0.5400000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-movements","display_name":"social movements","score":0.3880000114440918}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779115301","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752118","display_name":"Sympathy","level":2,"score":0.7806895971298218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56273599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3122841","display_name":"White (mutation)","level":3,"score":0.6864365339279175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46295352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207982","display_name":"Legitimacy","level":3,"score":0.6630089282989502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.598730206489563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123108692","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49773","display_name":"Social movement","level":3,"score":0.5736308097839355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5365436673164368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4913105070590973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781269069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5116763","display_name":"Church attendance","level":3,"score":0.4714066982269287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778173179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25339289","display_name":"Attendance","level":2,"score":0.4505499005317688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.42736196517944336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134698397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17946","display_name":"Public opinion","level":3,"score":0.4178028404712677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.3690723180770874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3586888909339905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.3559008240699768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.28634676337242126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.20708802342414856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779793952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1553701","display_name":"Religiosity","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/sf/sov097","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sov097","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sov097","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130611943","display_name":"Social Forces","issn_l":"0037-7732","issn":["0037-7732","1534-7605"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-3","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social Forces","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.819.5479","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.819.5479","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://sf.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2015/08/17/sf.sov097.full.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:muse.jhu.edu:/article/612533","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/612533","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196299","display_name":"Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:open-archive.highwire.org:sf:94/3/1021","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://sf.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/94/3/1021","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406923041","display_name":"HighWire Press Open Archive","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"TEXT"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.666700005531311,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":105,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W59370973","https://openalex.org/W109250842","https://openalex.org/W132351742","https://openalex.org/W225991577","https://openalex.org/W594374344","https://openalex.org/W627527649","https://openalex.org/W1486828532","https://openalex.org/W1491127860","https://openalex.org/W1495156805","https://openalex.org/W1533825215","https://openalex.org/W1536462022","https://openalex.org/W1546325158","https://openalex.org/W1546641059","https://openalex.org/W1550928451","https://openalex.org/W1552466412","https://openalex.org/W1580922850","https://openalex.org/W1935331721","https://openalex.org/W1968411248","https://openalex.org/W1983880138","https://openalex.org/W1984641596","https://openalex.org/W1985173408","https://openalex.org/W1986318130","https://openalex.org/W1986760411","https://openalex.org/W1992254458","https://openalex.org/W1998819930","https://openalex.org/W2005130165","https://openalex.org/W2011283797","https://openalex.org/W2016382728","https://openalex.org/W2016981934","https://openalex.org/W2019044683","https://openalex.org/W2024404340","https://openalex.org/W2042737415","https://openalex.org/W2044999774","https://openalex.org/W2046584094","https://openalex.org/W2047344328","https://openalex.org/W2049010431","https://openalex.org/W2052663901","https://openalex.org/W2053886665","https://openalex.org/W2057964069","https://openalex.org/W2058427515","https://openalex.org/W2059687202","https://openalex.org/W2067656744","https://openalex.org/W2068319195","https://openalex.org/W2071174904","https://openalex.org/W2078646629","https://openalex.org/W2086170130","https://openalex.org/W2090441102","https://openalex.org/W2091814737","https://openalex.org/W2096125712","https://openalex.org/W2096998173","https://openalex.org/W2097201195","https://openalex.org/W2098598859","https://openalex.org/W2101720759","https://openalex.org/W2113559481","https://openalex.org/W2121700983","https://openalex.org/W2121771658","https://openalex.org/W2123989713","https://openalex.org/W2128033318","https://openalex.org/W2132585345","https://openalex.org/W2134176957","https://openalex.org/W2134310663","https://openalex.org/W2139844978","https://openalex.org/W2144948315","https://openalex.org/W2146515085","https://openalex.org/W2147028343","https://openalex.org/W2147224373","https://openalex.org/W2156370167","https://openalex.org/W2157428157","https://openalex.org/W2158314671","https://openalex.org/W2160967990","https://openalex.org/W2161375627","https://openalex.org/W2166782999","https://openalex.org/W2276891658","https://openalex.org/W2315033669","https://openalex.org/W2315413886","https://openalex.org/W2318621787","https://openalex.org/W2322273505","https://openalex.org/W2323025989","https://openalex.org/W2329745816","https://openalex.org/W2334645237","https://openalex.org/W2463715260","https://openalex.org/W2619420949","https://openalex.org/W2795793390","https://openalex.org/W2796225030","https://openalex.org/W2907043881","https://openalex.org/W2917982593","https://openalex.org/W3134655311","https://openalex.org/W3142824874","https://openalex.org/W3205621975","https://openalex.org/W4205701142","https://openalex.org/W4213263779","https://openalex.org/W4214517112","https://openalex.org/W4240099374","https://openalex.org/W4245030092","https://openalex.org/W4246860999","https://openalex.org/W4247009836","https://openalex.org/W4247911016","https://openalex.org/W4252740378","https://openalex.org/W4255222696","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4296611520","https://openalex.org/W4388386401","https://openalex.org/W6608916537","https://openalex.org/W6694281465","https://openalex.org/W6758054376"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W766027870","https://openalex.org/W7098793564","https://openalex.org/W2276891658","https://openalex.org/W2149539302","https://openalex.org/W3087455924","https://openalex.org/W2888938602","https://openalex.org/W2800917432","https://openalex.org/W3133187557","https://openalex.org/W7160306432","https://openalex.org/W1974300268"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Activists":[0],"seek":[1],"attention":[2],"for":[3,197],"their":[4],"causes":[5],"and":[6,141,205,238],"want":[7],"to":[8,57,77,84,240],"win":[9],"sympathy":[10,162],"from":[11,163,228,245],"the":[12,46,85,100,104,126,149,172,207,215,246],"broader":[13],"public.":[14],"Why":[15],"do":[16,109],"some":[17],"citizens":[18],"but":[19,32,158],"not":[20],"others":[21],"approve":[22],"when":[23],"activists":[24],"use":[25],"protest":[26,58,78,94,159],"tactics?":[27],"This":[28],"is":[29],"a":[30,64,113,164],"crucial":[31],"poorly":[33],"understood":[34],"aspect":[35],"of":[36,49,70,87,103,167,177],"social":[37],"movements.":[38],"While":[39],"most":[40],"prior":[41],"research":[42],"has":[43],"focused":[44,147],"on":[45,148],"personal":[47],"determinants":[48],"attitudes":[50],"toward":[51],"movements,":[52],"we":[53,111],"argue":[54],"that":[55,151,184,222],"proximity":[56],"may":[59,73],"cultivate":[60],"positive":[61],"views":[62],"about":[63,93,242],"movement.":[65,107],"Individuals":[66],"living":[67,124,191],"near":[68],"centers":[69],"movement":[71],"activity":[72,154],"become":[74,81],"more":[75,82,212,226],"favorable":[76],"because":[79],"they":[80],"sympathetic":[83],"demands":[86],"activists.":[88],"We":[89,181],"investigate":[90],"public":[91],"support":[92,176,196,224],"tactics":[95],"among":[96],"white":[97,122,156,168,201],"Southerners":[98],"during":[99],"early":[101],"stages":[102],"civil":[105,152],"rights":[106,153],"To":[108],"so,":[110],"employ":[112],"representative":[114],"survey":[115,129],"conducted":[116],"in":[117,125,175,192],"1961":[118],"with":[119,133,194,230],"nearly":[120],"700":[121],"adults":[123],"South.":[127],"These":[128],"data":[130,135],"are":[131],"combined":[132],"contextual":[134],"measuring":[136],"local":[137,185],"protest,":[138],"political":[139,187],"behavior,":[140],"civic":[142],"organizations.":[143],"Most":[144],"scholars":[145],"have":[146],"ways":[150],"propelled":[155],"counter-mobilization,":[157],"also":[160,182],"won":[161],"small":[165],"subset":[166],"Southerners,":[169],"thereby":[170],"fracturing":[171],"dominant":[173],"consensus":[174],"Jim":[178],"Crow":[179],"segregation.":[180],"find":[183],"racial":[186],"context":[188],"matters:":[189],"individuals":[190],"counties":[193],"weaker":[195],"segregationist":[198],"politics,":[199],"where":[200],"moderates":[202],"were":[203,210],"active,":[204],"outside":[206],"Deep":[208],"South":[209],"generally":[211],"favorable.":[213],"At":[214],"individual":[216],"level,":[217],"our":[218],"strongest":[219],"findings":[220],"indicate":[221],"sit-in":[223],"was":[225],"likely":[227],"those":[229],"greater":[231],"educational":[232],"attainment,":[233],"less":[234],"frequent":[235],"church":[236],"attendance,":[237],"exposure":[239],"discussions":[241],"race":[243],"relations":[244],"pulpit.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
