{"id":"https://openalex.org/W229999409","doi":null,"title":"Over-Inclusive Gang Enforcement and Urban Resistance: A Comparison between Two Cities","display_name":"Over-Inclusive Gang Enforcement and Urban Resistance: A Comparison between Two Cities","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-03-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W229999409","mag":"229999409"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:229999409","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-214203825/over-inclusive-gang-enforcement-and-urban-resistance","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S14445259","display_name":"Social Justice A Journal of Crime Conflict & World Order","issn_l":"1043-1578","issn":["1043-1578","2327-641X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Social Justice A Journal of Crime Conflict & World Order","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077606420","display_name":"Robert J. Dur\u00e1n","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1130-9164","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1130-9164"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robert J. Dur\u00e1n","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1130-9164","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077606420"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.3634,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92405474,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"1","first_page":"82","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11076","display_name":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","score":0.9106000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11076","display_name":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","score":0.9106000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10318","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis","score":0.05810000002384186,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12736","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Penology","score":0.007400000002235174,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-resistance","display_name":"urban resistance","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latino-communities","display_name":"Latino communities","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-american-community","display_name":"African American community","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-harassment","display_name":"police harassment","score":0.4269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-codes","display_name":"Black Codes","score":0.6010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zero-tolerance-policing","display_name":"zero tolerance policing","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mexican-americans","display_name":"Mexican Americans","score":0.546999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-community-relations","display_name":"police-community relations","score":0.8709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inner-city-neighborhoods","display_name":"inner-city neighborhoods","score":0.5170000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-discrimination-in-policing","display_name":"racial discrimination in policing","score":0.4350000023841858}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780656516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40357","display_name":"Prison","level":2,"score":0.6041754484176636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.5723647475242615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778770431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841236","display_name":"Imprisonment","level":2,"score":0.5167343020439148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.46036043763160706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4563395082950592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.4473169445991516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910235986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6528049","display_name":"Public defender","level":3,"score":0.44570788741111755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777978526","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1459937","display_name":"Mass incarceration","level":3,"score":0.4334265887737274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.4330921769142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3930257558822632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102587632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117488","display_name":"Criminal justice","level":2,"score":0.3848457932472229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.1664118766784668}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:229999409","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-214203825/over-inclusive-gang-enforcement-and-urban-resistance","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S14445259","display_name":"Social Justice A Journal of Crime Conflict & World Order","issn_l":"1043-1578","issn":["1043-1578","2327-641X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Social Justice A Journal of Crime Conflict & World Order","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.9629999995231628},{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.9595999717712402}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W119628657","https://openalex.org/W177358251","https://openalex.org/W415162976","https://openalex.org/W570196833","https://openalex.org/W582237314","https://openalex.org/W619224906","https://openalex.org/W623881982","https://openalex.org/W634678229","https://openalex.org/W652197173","https://openalex.org/W1486145806","https://openalex.org/W1530210388","https://openalex.org/W1548374269","https://openalex.org/W1556641933","https://openalex.org/W1560065993","https://openalex.org/W1956098219","https://openalex.org/W1971652603","https://openalex.org/W1972591037","https://openalex.org/W1974851775","https://openalex.org/W1991098385","https://openalex.org/W1993047976","https://openalex.org/W1996064906","https://openalex.org/W2013435791","https://openalex.org/W2018787787","https://openalex.org/W2033239712","https://openalex.org/W2047032237","https://openalex.org/W2049844255","https://openalex.org/W2062472230","https://openalex.org/W2063344549","https://openalex.org/W2065657594","https://openalex.org/W2066311121","https://openalex.org/W2080705509","https://openalex.org/W2084780816","https://openalex.org/W2092100444","https://openalex.org/W2118882740","https://openalex.org/W2137150181","https://openalex.org/W2144519697","https://openalex.org/W2149236908","https://openalex.org/W2159510954","https://openalex.org/W2521668848","https://openalex.org/W2747033187","https://openalex.org/W2799696660","https://openalex.org/W2890781257","https://openalex.org/W3123859890","https://openalex.org/W3206309702","https://openalex.org/W4242408290","https://openalex.org/W4399217376"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1042032805","https://openalex.org/W2124925278","https://openalex.org/W7140809201","https://openalex.org/W4386134616","https://openalex.org/W2349773499","https://openalex.org/W2512234545","https://openalex.org/W4283030701","https://openalex.org/W6982214947","https://openalex.org/W2026887861","https://openalex.org/W2960803485"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"THE":[0],"ONGOING":[1],"WAR":[2],"AGAINST":[3],"GANGS":[4],"HAS":[5],"UNLEASHED":[6],"AN":[7],"UNRELENTING":[8],"ATTACK":[9],"against":[10],"large":[11],"numbers":[12],"of":[13,46,60,138,151,165,182,214,223,234,249,268,291,319,347,364,372,388,407,412,428,468,478,497,539,550,556,582],"Latinos":[14,38,81],"and":[15,24,30,39,68,72,76,82,95,113,130,167,172,195,203,241,255,284,309,344,368,378,416,435,447,464,489,523,541,566],"African":[16,40,83,128,184],"Americans":[17,41,129,185,251],"in":[18,49,88,119,226,252,272,293,350,358,375,385,484,501,561],"the":[221],"post-Civil":[20,460],"Rights":[21,63,441,461],"era":[22,64],"(Jackson":[23],"Rudman,":[25],"1993;":[26,78],"Klein,":[27],"2004;":[28],"McCorkle":[29],"Miethe,":[31],"2002;":[32,201,205,260,303],"Tovares,":[33,261],"2002).":[34,54,262],"Police":[35],"departments":[36],"believe":[37],"account":[42],"for":[43,458,571],"majority":[45],"gang":[47,453,482,521,559],"members":[48],"United":[51,121,229,352],"States":[52,122,230,353],"(Egley,":[53],"To":[55],"many":[56],"researchers,":[57],"successes":[59],"Civil":[62,409],"have":[65,91,161,178,244,326],"eroded":[66],"(Delgado":[67],"Stefancic,":[69],"2001;":[70,439],"Harris":[71],"Curtis,":[73],"1998;":[74,197,443],"Massey":[75],"Denton,":[77],"Spann,":[79],"1993).":[80],"Americans,":[84,265],"particularly":[85],"those":[86],"living":[87,500],"inner-city":[89],"neighborhoods,":[90],"been":[92],"stopped,":[93],"questioned,":[94],"processed":[96],"into":[97,107,163,535],"a":[98,232,289,551],"criminal":[99,242,425,433],"justice":[100,426],"system":[101,427],"that":[102,147,157,220,395,509],"will":[103],"later":[104],"send":[105],"them":[106],"juvenile":[108],"corrections,":[109],"probation,":[110],"prison,":[111],"parole,":[112],"limited":[114],"legitimate":[115],"life":[166],"opportunities.":[117],"Policing":[118],"has":[123,285,314],"received":[124],"various":[125],"criticisms":[126],"from":[127,354],"Latino":[131],"communities.":[132],"Bass":[133,155],"(2001)":[134],"traces":[135],"function":[137],"policing":[270],"to":[140,287,333,356,505,520,575,586],"slave":[141],"patrols,":[142],"which":[143,177],"enforced":[144],"Black":[145,153,159],"Codes":[146,160],"ensured":[148],"subordination":[150],"population.":[154],"argues":[156,219],"contemporary":[158],"transitioned":[162],"quality":[164],"zero":[168],"tolerance":[169],"(Fagan":[171],"Davies,":[173],"2000;":[174,299],"Heymann,":[175],"2000),":[176],"increased":[179],"harassment":[181],"poor":[183],"(Browning":[186],"et":[187,191,199,279],"al.,":[188,192,200,280],"1994;":[189],"Fine":[190],"2003;":[193,400],"Jacobs":[194],"O'Brien,":[196],"Mastrofski":[198],"Meehan":[202],"Ponder,":[204],"Weitzer,":[206],"1999,":[207],"2000).":[208],"Regarding":[209],"Mexicans":[210],"(the":[211],"largest":[212],"percentage":[213],"Latinos),":[215],"Rosenbaum":[216],"(1981:":[217],"7)":[218],"history":[222,233],"Mexicano-Americano":[224],"coexistence":[225],"southwestern":[228],"is":[231,548],"confrontation":[236],"between":[237],"cultures.":[238],"Thus,":[239],"violent":[240,345],"labels":[243],"legitimized":[245],"law":[246],"enforcement":[247],"targeting":[248],"Mexican":[250,264,498,557],"past":[254],"present":[256],"(Escobar,":[257,296],"1999;":[258,297],"Martinez,":[259],"For":[263],"experience":[267],"aggressive":[430,524],"began":[271],"1835":[273],"with":[274,392,419],"Texas":[276],"Rangers":[277],"(Samora":[278],"1979;":[281],"Rosenbaum,":[282],"1981)":[283],"continued":[286],"be":[288],"part":[290,549],"Southwest":[295,360],"Holmes,":[298,310],"Jackson,":[300],"1989;":[301,402],"Kane,":[302],"Mirande,":[304,444],"1987;":[305],"Morales,":[306],"1972;":[307],"Smith":[308],"2003).":[311],"Most":[312],"research":[313,339,545],"focused":[315],"on":[316,341],"problems":[318],"unequal":[320],"police":[321,452],"enforcement,":[322],"but":[323],"few":[324],"scholars":[325],"looked":[327],"at":[328],"how":[329,495,516],"oppressed":[330],"people":[331,467,496],"respond":[332,504],"this":[334,471],"negative":[335],"treatment.":[336],"Rosenbaum's":[337],"historical":[338],"(198l)":[340],"protest":[343],"resistance":[346,465],"Mexicano":[348],"residents":[349],"1846":[355],"1916":[357],"offered":[361],"three":[362],"types":[363],"resistance:":[365],"withdrawal,":[366],"accommodation,":[367],"violence.":[369],"The":[370,405,544],"responses":[371],"urban":[373,502],"Chicanos":[374],"1960s":[377],"early":[379],"1970s":[380],"included":[381],"challenging":[382,414],"legal":[383],"repression":[384],"form":[387],"nonviolent":[389],"protest,":[390],"along":[391],"militant":[393],"action":[394],"occasionally":[396],"involved":[397],"violence":[398],"(Haney-Lopez,":[399],"Munoz,":[401],"Vigil,":[403],"1999).":[404],"demise":[406],"Rights-era":[410],"approach":[411],"directly":[413],"discrimination":[415],"inequality":[417],"coincided":[418],"post-1980s":[421],"rise":[422],"within":[423],"increasingly":[429],"policing,":[431],"mounting":[432],"records,":[434],"mass":[436],"incarceration":[437],"(Bass,":[438],"Human":[440],"Watch,":[442],"1987).":[445],"Suppression":[446],"intelligence":[448],"gathering":[449],"actions":[450,508],"by":[451,466],"units":[454,483,522],"are":[455],"critically":[456],"important":[457],"understanding":[459],"social":[462,537],"control":[463],"color.":[469],"In":[470],"article,":[472],"I":[473,493,514],"first":[474],"provide":[475],"an":[476,532],"overview":[477],"newly":[479],"incorporated":[480],"(post-1990s)":[481],"two":[485,562],"cities":[486],"(Denver,":[487],"Colorado,":[488],"Ogden,":[490],"Utah).":[491],"Then":[492],"describe":[494],"descent":[499],"barrios":[503],"dominant":[506],"group":[507],"criminalize":[510],"innocent":[511],"behavior.":[512],"Finally,":[513],"explore":[515],"street":[517],"activists":[518],"react":[519],"policing.":[525],"Methods":[526],"Few":[527],"scholarly":[528],"studies":[529],"can":[530],"offer":[531],"insider":[533],"view":[534],"world":[538],"racial":[540],"ethnic":[542],"gangs.":[543],"reported":[546],"here":[547],"larger,":[552],"systematic":[553],"ethnographic":[554],"study":[555],"American":[558],"barrio":[563],"communities":[564],"(Denver":[565],"Ogden).":[567],"It":[568],"was":[569],"conducted":[570],"five":[572],"years":[573,581],"(2001":[574],"2006)":[576],"and,":[577],"informally,":[578],"throughout":[579],"14":[580],"my":[583],"(1992":[585],"2006).":[587],"\u2026":[588]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
