{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2296741226","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12328","title":"Military Expenditure Trends for 1960\u20132014 and What They Reveal","display_name":"Military Expenditure Trends for 1960\u20132014 and What They Reveal","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-03-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2296741226","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12328","mag":"2296741226"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/1758-5899.12328","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12328","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12328","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/1758-5899.12328","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S17594912","display_name":"Global Policy","issn_l":"1758-5880","issn":["1758-5880","1758-5899"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Global Policy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/1758-5899.12328","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049574879","display_name":"Todd M. Sandler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9077-5915","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9077-5915"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162577319","display_name":"The University of Texas at Dallas","ror":"https://ror.org/049emcs32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Todd Sandler","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Texas at Dallas"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas at Dallas","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010817758","display_name":"Justin George","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7635-4556","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7635-4556"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162577319","display_name":"The University of Texas at Dallas","ror":"https://ror.org/049emcs32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Justin George","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Texas at Dallas"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Texas at Dallas","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"],"apc_list":{"value":4200,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4200},"apc_paid":{"value":4200,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4200},"fwci":11.6739,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":64,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98123729,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"2","first_page":"174","last_page":"184"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12825","display_name":"Defense, Military, and Policy Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12825","display_name":"Defense, Military, and Policy Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14086","display_name":"Military and Defense Studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10053","display_name":"International Relations and Foreign Policy","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/defense-spending","display_name":"defense spending","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/end-of-the-cold-war","display_name":"end of the Cold War","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/2008-financial-crisis","display_name":"2008 financial crisis","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nato","display_name":"NATO","score":0.49399998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/us-defense-spending","display_name":"US defense spending","score":0.6610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/east-asia","display_name":"East Asia","score":0.4950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/middle-east-and-north-africa","display_name":"Middle East and North Africa","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-projection","display_name":"power projection","score":0.5059999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alliance-burden-sharing","display_name":"alliance burden sharing","score":0.5720000267028809}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778431023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q878249","display_name":"Alliance","level":2,"score":0.721065104007721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776161467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877399","display_name":"North Atlantic Treaty","level":3,"score":0.6993007659912109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191935318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148","display_name":"China","level":2,"score":0.684369683265686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986359222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8683","display_name":"Cold war","level":3,"score":0.5598710179328918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5169038772583008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992071073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154510","display_name":"Great recession","level":2,"score":0.5154026746749878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.4956003427505493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3651065","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7204","display_name":"Middle East","level":2,"score":0.494097501039505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195742910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176494","display_name":"Recession","level":2,"score":0.4650517702102661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778676447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185145","display_name":"Great power","level":3,"score":0.4611110985279083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4411752223968506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779010840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131569","display_name":"Treaty","level":2,"score":0.4277288615703583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76775654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27231","display_name":"East Asia","level":3,"score":0.4122660160064697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.39384710788726807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3364824056625366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.3231126666069031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.17961132526397705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.12952008843421936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165556158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83937","display_name":"Keynesian economics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/1758-5899.12328","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12328","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12328","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/1758-5899.12328","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S17594912","display_name":"Global Policy","issn_l":"1758-5880","issn":["1758-5880","1758-5899"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Global Policy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:bla:glopol:v:7:y:2016:i:2:p:174-184","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10.1111/1758-5899.12328","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/1758-5899.12328","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12328","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12328","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/1758-5899.12328","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S17594912","display_name":"Global Policy","issn_l":"1758-5880","issn":["1758-5880","1758-5899"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Global Policy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.5473999977111816}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","score":0.5899999737739563}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2296741226.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2296741226.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W360461884","https://openalex.org/W566181606","https://openalex.org/W1970086002","https://openalex.org/W2022254410","https://openalex.org/W2032966188","https://openalex.org/W2035131146","https://openalex.org/W2041913496","https://openalex.org/W2056502195","https://openalex.org/W2067286243","https://openalex.org/W2086612574","https://openalex.org/W2092001787","https://openalex.org/W2112928524","https://openalex.org/W2113252541","https://openalex.org/W2133411957","https://openalex.org/W2143625734","https://openalex.org/W2205308957","https://openalex.org/W2252534312","https://openalex.org/W2272830268","https://openalex.org/W2767153793","https://openalex.org/W3122429250","https://openalex.org/W4246915477"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4414980010","https://openalex.org/W916147831","https://openalex.org/W2773892487","https://openalex.org/W3194222561","https://openalex.org/W3088779773","https://openalex.org/W2032906700","https://openalex.org/W7214677208","https://openalex.org/W1552952472","https://openalex.org/W4393977400","https://openalex.org/W4253096934"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,49,119,134],"article":[2],"uses":[3],"newly":[4],"available":[5],"consistent":[6],"military":[7,46,53],"expenditure":[8],"data":[9],"for":[10,79],"1960\u20132014":[11],"to":[12,69,82,113,115,126,152],"examine":[13],"past":[14],"and":[15,21,41,60,92],"current":[16],"global":[17,50],"spending":[18,47,54],"trends":[19],"during":[20],"after":[22],"the":[23,31,34,37,42,61,77,144,159],"Cold":[24,38],"War.":[25],"We":[26],"are":[27],"particularly":[28],"interested":[29],"in":[30,158],"impact":[32],"of":[33,36,52,55,105,143],"end":[35],"War,":[39],"9/11":[40],"2008":[43],"recession":[44],"on":[45,130],"worldwide.":[48],"share":[51],"East":[56,63],"Asia":[57],"&":[58,64],"Pacific":[59],"Middle":[62],"North":[65,120],"Africa":[66],"increased":[67],"relative":[68],"other":[70],"regions":[71],"since":[72],"1985.":[73],"This":[74],"increase":[75],"underscores":[76],"need":[78],"western":[80],"allies":[81,137],"bolster":[83],"their":[84,95],"power":[85],"projection":[86],"capacities.":[87],"After":[88],"1999,":[89],"both":[90],"China":[91],"Russia":[93],"raised":[94],"real":[96],"defense":[97,132,146],"spending,":[98],"with":[99],"China's":[100],"increases":[101],"far":[102],"exceeding":[103],"that":[104],"Russia.":[106],"Both":[107],"countries":[108],"have":[109],"a":[110],"long":[111],"ways":[112],"go":[114],"rival":[116],"US":[117,131],"capabilities.":[118],"Atlantic":[121],"Treaty":[122],"Organization":[123],"(NATO)":[124],"continues":[125],"be":[127],"heavily":[128],"dependent":[129],"spending.":[133],"post\u20101998":[135],"expansion":[136],"assume":[138],"about":[139],"2.4":[140],"per":[141],"cent":[142],"alliance's":[145],"burden,":[147],"while":[148],"representing":[149],"significant":[150],"risks":[151],"NATO,":[153],"given":[154],"recent":[155],"Russian":[156],"actions":[157],"Ukraine.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
