{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2294773145","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes6010019","title":"Polishing Step Purification of High-Strength Wastewaters by Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis","display_name":"Polishing Step Purification of High-Strength Wastewaters by Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-03-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2294773145","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes6010019","mag":"2294773145","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26978407","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4812425"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/membranes6010019","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes6010019","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes6010019","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0375/6/1/19/pdf?version=1457597516","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210225467","display_name":"Membranes","issn_l":"2077-0375","issn":["2077-0375"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Membranes","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0375/6/1/19/pdf?version=1457597516","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114417945","display_name":"Jinxiang Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6439-3585","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6439-3585"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8078737","display_name":"Clemson University","ror":"https://ror.org/037s24f05","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinxiang Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Animal Co-Products Research and Education Center, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6439-3585","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Animal Co-Products Research and Education Center, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Brian Baker","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8078737","display_name":"Clemson University","ror":"https://ror.org/037s24f05","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian Baker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Animal Co-Products Research and Education Center, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Animal Co-Products Research and Education Center, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072558539","display_name":"Charles Grimsley","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8078737","display_name":"Clemson University","ror":"https://ror.org/037s24f05","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charles Grimsley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Animal Co-Products Research and Education Center, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Animal Co-Products Research and Education Center, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040559768","display_name":"Scott M. Husson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8830-8530","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8830-8530"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8078737","display_name":"Clemson University","ror":"https://ror.org/037s24f05","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Scott Husson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Animal Co-Products Research and Education Center, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8830-8530","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Animal Co-Products Research and Education Center, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040559768"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8078737"],"apc_list":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2654},"apc_paid":{"value":2200,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2654},"fwci":0.5929,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71989832,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"1","first_page":"19","last_page":"19"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10197","display_name":"Membrane Separation Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10197","display_name":"Membrane Separation Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11781","display_name":"Wastewater Treatment and Reuse","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Waste Management and Disposal"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14252","display_name":"Water and Wastewater Treatment","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanofiltration","display_name":"nanofiltration","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reverse-osmosis","display_name":"reverse osmosis","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-strength-wastewater","display_name":"high-concentration wastewater","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultrafiltration","display_name":"ultrafiltration","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/membrane-fouling","display_name":"membrane fouling","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crossflow-filtration","display_name":"cross-flow filtration","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flux-stability","display_name":"flux stability","score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cod-removal","display_name":"COD removal","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/total-dissolved-solids","display_name":"total dissolved solids","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dissolved-air-flotation","display_name":"dissolved air flotation","score":0.9549999833106995}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146763847","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1964676","display_name":"Nanofiltration","level":3,"score":0.8837717771530151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130797344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272175","display_name":"Reverse osmosis","level":3,"score":0.755233645439148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188287460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555857","display_name":"Chemical oxygen demand","level":3,"score":0.697577714920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41625074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176088","display_name":"Membrane","level":2,"score":0.693926215171814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.6111004948616028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50817676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7880534","display_name":"Ultrafiltration (renal)","level":2,"score":0.5746824145317078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128489963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1187724","display_name":"Filtration (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5714214444160461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.5109802484512329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53163501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1141078","display_name":"Cross-flow filtration","level":3,"score":0.5081272125244141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94005225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1751537","display_name":"Membrane technology","level":3,"score":0.4617381989955902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180461467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2623659","display_name":"Membrane fouling","level":4,"score":0.45116710662841797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147455438","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1057706","display_name":"Effluent","level":2,"score":0.4424694776535034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115792997","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1439803","display_name":"Fouling","level":3,"score":0.43751415610313416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49102809","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q300035","display_name":"Attenuated total reflection","level":3,"score":0.430412232875824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528095902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2283886","display_name":"Pulp and paper industry","level":1,"score":0.42200514674186707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3607632517814636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.3161698579788208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94061648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336191","display_name":"Wastewater","level":2,"score":0.21453487873077393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153642686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q70906","display_name":"Infrared spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.1733720898628235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.1671355664730072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.060264647006988525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/membranes6010019","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes6010019","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes6010019","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0375/6/1/19/pdf?version=1457597516","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210225467","display_name":"Membranes","issn_l":"2077-0375","issn":["2077-0375"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Membranes","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:3792143","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4812425","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:4812425","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4812425","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Membranes (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:26978407","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26978407","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Membranes","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f89f8d88564f46b8be0deba2a885a615","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f89f8d88564f46b8be0deba2a885a615","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Membranes, Vol 6, Iss 1, p 19 (2016)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/membranes6010019","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes6010019","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes6010019","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0375/6/1/19/pdf?version=1457597516","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210225467","display_name":"Membranes","issn_l":"2077-0375","issn":["2077-0375"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Membranes","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6"},{"score":0.807699978351593,"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.7900000214576721,"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309106","display_name":"Clemson University","ror":"https://ror.org/037s24f05"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2294773145.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2294773145.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1418473397","https://openalex.org/W1990330524","https://openalex.org/W1991732043","https://openalex.org/W1998544820","https://openalex.org/W2002309872","https://openalex.org/W2004750700","https://openalex.org/W2016154806","https://openalex.org/W2020151922","https://openalex.org/W2023321784","https://openalex.org/W2038678876","https://openalex.org/W2052356798","https://openalex.org/W2061422904","https://openalex.org/W2080425534","https://openalex.org/W2130452600","https://openalex.org/W2210979803","https://openalex.org/W4246255342"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964661883","https://openalex.org/W2587875798","https://openalex.org/W2940486962","https://openalex.org/W2002012990","https://openalex.org/W2177091638","https://openalex.org/W4283579116","https://openalex.org/W2071078282","https://openalex.org/W2559603287","https://openalex.org/W1991083630","https://openalex.org/W2996141309"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"reports":[2],"findings":[3],"on":[4],"the":[5,126,145,175],"use":[6],"of":[7,17,51,134,148,174],"nanofiltration":[8],"(NF)":[9],"and":[10,46,55,69,80,106,122,150,158,163],"reverse":[11],"osmosis":[12],"(RO)":[13],"for":[14,44,152],"secondary":[15],"treatment":[16,33],"high-strength":[18],"rendering":[19],"facility":[20],"wastewaters":[21,27],"following":[22],"an":[23],"ultrafiltration":[24],"step.":[25],"These":[26],"present":[28],"significant":[29],"challenges":[30],"to":[31,42,88,138],"classical":[32],"technologies.":[34],"Constant-pressure,":[35],"direct-flow":[36],"membrane":[37,130,156,165],"filtration":[38,93],"experiments":[39],"were":[40,61,117],"done":[41],"screen":[43],"flux":[45,86,96],"effluent":[47],"water":[48],"permeate":[49],"quality":[50],"ten":[52],"commercial":[53],"NF":[54],"RO":[56,129],"membranes.":[57],"All":[58],"membranes":[59,77,116],"tested":[60],"effective":[62],"in":[63],"reducing":[64],"total":[65,108],"dissolved":[66,159],"salts":[67],"(TDS)":[68],"chemical":[70],"oxygen":[71],"demand":[72],"(COD);":[73],"however,":[74,125],"only":[75],"two":[76],"(Koch":[78],"MPF-34":[79],"Toray":[81,127],"70UB)":[82],"gave":[83],"sufficiently":[84],"stable":[85],"values":[87],"warrant":[89],"longer":[90],"term":[91],"cross-flow":[92],"studies.":[94],"Cross-flow":[95],"measurements,":[97],"scanning":[98],"electron":[99],"microscopy":[100],"(SEM),":[101],"X-ray":[102],"dispersive":[103],"spectroscopy":[104,111],"(EDS),":[105],"attenuated":[107],"reflectance-Fourier-transform":[109],"infrared":[110],"(ATR-FTIR)":[112],"indicated":[113],"that":[114],"both":[115],"eventually":[118],"fouled":[119],"by":[120],"organic":[121],"inorganic":[123],"foulants;":[124],"70UB":[128],"yielded":[131],"a":[132,153],"capacity":[133],"1600":[135],"L/m\u00b2":[136],"prior":[137],"cleaning.":[139],"A":[140],"preliminary":[141],"economic":[142],"analysis":[143],"compared":[144],"estimated":[146],"costs":[147,167],"energy":[149],"consumables":[151],"dual-stage":[154],"UF/RO":[155],"process":[157,166],"air":[160],"floatation":[161],"(DAF)":[162],"found":[164],"could":[168],"be":[169],"less":[170],"than":[171],"about":[172],"40%":[173],"current":[176],"DAF":[177],"process.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
