{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2294178609","doi":null,"title":"Liquid: Unifying Nearline and Offline Big Data Integration","display_name":"Liquid: Unifying Nearline and Offline Big Data Integration","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2294178609","mag":"2294178609"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:spiral.imperial.ac.uk:10044/1/23433","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/23433","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401396","display_name":"Spiral (Imperial College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","host_organization_name":"Imperial College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Seventh Biennial Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research (CIDR)","raw_type":"Conference Paper"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/23433","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003690515","display_name":"Raul Castro Fernandez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7675-6080","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7675-6080"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raul Castro Fernandez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7675-6080","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078842469","display_name":"Peter R. Pietzuch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6963-5640","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6963-5640"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Pietzuch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6963-5640","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045206229","display_name":"Jay Kreps","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1316064682","display_name":"LinkedIn (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02fyxhe35","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I1316064682"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jay Kreps","raw_affiliation_strings":["LinkedIn (United States), Sunnyvale, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LinkedIn (United States), Sunnyvale, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1316064682"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049042372","display_name":"Neha Narkhede","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1316064682","display_name":"LinkedIn (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02fyxhe35","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I1316064682"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neha Narkhede","raw_affiliation_strings":["LinkedIn (United States), Sunnyvale, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LinkedIn (United States), Sunnyvale, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1316064682"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009094344","display_name":"Jun Rao","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1316064682","display_name":"LinkedIn (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02fyxhe35","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I1316064682"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Rao","raw_affiliation_strings":["LinkedIn (United States), Sunnyvale, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LinkedIn (United States), Sunnyvale, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1316064682"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082117781","display_name":"Joel Koshy","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1316064682","display_name":"LinkedIn (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02fyxhe35","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I1316064682"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joel Koshy","raw_affiliation_strings":["LinkedIn (United States), Sunnyvale, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LinkedIn (United States), Sunnyvale, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1316064682"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Dong Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3736-8768","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3736-8768"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3736-8768","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024850149","display_name":"Chris Riccomini","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1302135459","display_name":"PayPal (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/016jadm77","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1302135459"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chris Riccomini","raw_affiliation_strings":["PayPal (United States), San Jose, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"PayPal (United States), San Jose, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1302135459"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070703157","display_name":"Guozhang Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5026-9963","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5026-9963","https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9903-9438"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1316064682","display_name":"LinkedIn (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02fyxhe35","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253","https://openalex.org/I1316064682"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guozhang Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["LinkedIn (United States), Sunnyvale, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5026-9963","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LinkedIn (United States), Sunnyvale, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1316064682"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.3326,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96799882,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10317","display_name":"Advanced Database Systems and Queries","score":0.9243000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10317","display_name":"Advanced Database Systems and Queries","score":0.9243000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.04899999871850014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.007499999832361937,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offline-data","display_name":"offline data","score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/big-data","display_name":"big data","score":0.5099999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incremental-processing","display_name":"incremental processing","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/publish-subscribe","display_name":"publish/subscribe","score":0.9409999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-availability","display_name":"high availability","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-parallel-processing","display_name":"data-parallel processing","score":0.5260000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linkedin","display_name":"LinkedIn","score":0.5989999771118164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.78956139087677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.7177624702453613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22927095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1784206","display_name":"Stateful firewall","level":3,"score":0.5457481741905212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138827492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6661985","display_name":"Data processing","level":2,"score":0.5167524218559265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47487241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227230","display_name":"Data access","level":2,"score":0.5165866613388062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1665453","display_name":"System integration","level":2,"score":0.48370033502578735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.48091718554496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107027933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2006448","display_name":"Stream processing","level":2,"score":0.44770434498786926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.4408634603023529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72634772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386824","display_name":"Data integration","level":2,"score":0.43806692957878113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.3738718032836914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.28883588314056396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.28760915994644165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2032088041305542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:spiral.imperial.ac.uk:10044/1/23433","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/23433","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401396","display_name":"Spiral (Imperial College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","host_organization_name":"Imperial College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Seventh Biennial Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research (CIDR)","raw_type":"Conference Paper"},{"id":"mag:2294178609","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/bitstream/10044/1/23433/2/CIDR15_Paper25u.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306418070","display_name":"Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:spiral.imperial.ac.uk:10044/1/23433","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/23433","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401396","display_name":"Spiral (Imperial College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","host_organization_name":"Imperial College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Seventh Biennial Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research (CIDR)","raw_type":"Conference Paper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W192446467","https://openalex.org/W1635892993","https://openalex.org/W1825603816","https://openalex.org/W1845494277","https://openalex.org/W1861377444","https://openalex.org/W1985419898","https://openalex.org/W2003597767","https://openalex.org/W2010929544","https://openalex.org/W2021724486","https://openalex.org/W2021932022","https://openalex.org/W2050789550","https://openalex.org/W2060161902","https://openalex.org/W2069007526","https://openalex.org/W2070600700","https://openalex.org/W2098931293","https://openalex.org/W2105947650","https://openalex.org/W2110086534","https://openalex.org/W2118676041","https://openalex.org/W2119528150","https://openalex.org/W2119565742","https://openalex.org/W2119738171","https://openalex.org/W2120828587","https://openalex.org/W2131975293","https://openalex.org/W2139072600","https://openalex.org/W2152558130","https://openalex.org/W2156346468","https://openalex.org/W2163231231","https://openalex.org/W2163961697","https://openalex.org/W2165887572","https://openalex.org/W2170861540","https://openalex.org/W2171867449","https://openalex.org/W2173213060","https://openalex.org/W2206204485","https://openalex.org/W2913854892"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1510512466","https://openalex.org/W3048261285","https://openalex.org/W6968768650","https://openalex.org/W2284250761","https://openalex.org/W821822985","https://openalex.org/W2282765617","https://openalex.org/W2129889089","https://openalex.org/W7128920373","https://openalex.org/W4382356139","https://openalex.org/W2734001158"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"more":[1],"sophisticated":[2],"data-parallel":[3],"processing":[4,108,115],"systems,":[5],"the":[6,14,19,27],"new":[7,49],"bottleneck":[8],"in":[9,88],"data-intensive":[10,141],"companies":[11],"shifts":[12],"from":[13],"back-end":[15,32,37],"data":[16,20,30,38,45,53,75,82,136],"systems":[17,39,137],"to":[18,84,90],"integration":[21,46,54,76],"stack,":[22],"which":[23],"is":[24,98],"responsible":[25],"for":[26,31,64],"pre-processing":[28],"of":[29,36,130],"applications.":[33,92],"The":[34],"use":[35],"with":[40,121,134,143],"different":[41],"access":[42,83],"latencies":[43],"and":[44,97,100,117],"requirements":[47],"poses":[48],"challenges":[50],"that":[51,78],"current":[52],"stacks":[55],"based":[56,110],"on":[57,111],"distributed":[58],"file":[59],"systems\u2014proposed":[60],"a":[61,74,107,112,118,122,131,140],"decade":[62],"ago":[63],"batch-oriented":[65],"processing\u2014cannot":[66],"address.":[67],"In":[68],"this":[69],"paper,":[70],"we":[71],"describe":[72],"Liquid,":[73],"stack":[77],"provides":[79],"low":[80],"latency":[81],"support":[85],"near":[86],"real-time":[87],"addition":[89],"batch":[91],"It":[93],"supports":[94],"incremental":[95],"processing,":[96],"cost-efficient":[99],"highly":[101],"available.":[102],"Liquid":[103,132],"has":[104],"two":[105],"layers:":[106],"layer":[109,120],"stateful":[113],"stream":[114],"model,":[116],"messaging":[119],"highly-available":[123],"publish/subscribe":[124],"system.":[125],"We":[126],"report":[127],"our":[128],"experience":[129],"deployment":[133],"backend":[135],"at":[138],"LinkedIn,":[139],"company":[142],"over":[144],"300":[145],"million":[146],"users.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
