{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2293400759","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.165319","title":"Animal model of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury for human traumatic axonal injury and chronic traumatic encephalopathy","display_name":"Animal model of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury for human traumatic axonal injury and chronic traumatic encephalopathy","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2293400759","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.165319","mag":"2293400759","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26807094","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4705771"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4103/1673-5374.165319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.165319","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.165319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80372421","display_name":"Neural Regeneration Research","issn_l":"1673-5374","issn":["1673-5374","1876-7958"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320448","host_organization_name":"Medknow","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320448","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Medknow","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Regeneration Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.165319","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104728293","display_name":"Leyan Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5613-5420","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5613-5420"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799853436","display_name":"Johns Hopkins Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/037zgn354","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799853436"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Leyan Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948","https://openalex.org/I2799853436"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5104728293"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948","https://openalex.org/I2799853436"],"apc_list":{"value":1500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1500},"apc_paid":{"value":1500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1500},"fwci":0.2143,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59428102,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"11","first_page":"1731","last_page":"1731"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10416","display_name":"Traumatic Brain Injury Research","score":0.9789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10416","display_name":"Traumatic Brain Injury Research","score":0.9789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10706","display_name":"Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances","score":0.014000000432133675,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Clinical Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11487","display_name":"Automotive and Human Injury Biomechanics","score":0.0020000000949949026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chronic-traumatic-encephalopathy","display_name":"chronic traumatic encephalopathy","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/repetitive-mild-traumatic-brain-injury","display_name":"repetitive mild traumatic brain injury","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traumatic-axonal-injury","display_name":"traumatic axonal injury","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tauopathy","display_name":"tauopathy","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tau-hyperphosphorylation","display_name":"tau hyperphosphorylation","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/animal-models","display_name":"animal models","score":0.5659999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mouse-model","display_name":"mouse model","score":0.625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contact-sports","display_name":"contact sports","score":0.46299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/military-personnel","display_name":"military personnel","score":0.5759999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurodegeneration","display_name":"neurodegeneration","score":0.7039999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomarkers","display_name":"biomarkers","score":0.6140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/experimental-therapeutics","display_name":"experimental therapeutics","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concussion","display_name":"concussion","score":0.4339999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tau-tangles","display_name":"tau tangles","score":0.4350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alzheimer-s-disease","display_name":"Alzheimer's disease","score":0.503000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frontotemporal-dementia","display_name":"frontotemporal dementia","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ftdp-17","display_name":"FTDP-17","score":0.8759999871253967}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2911139526","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5114004","display_name":"Chronic traumatic encephalopathy","level":5,"score":0.9729177951812744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777739294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2397106","display_name":"Tauopathy","level":4,"score":0.8528558015823364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781017439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1995526","display_name":"Traumatic brain injury","level":2,"score":0.8023924231529236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778426673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q326921","display_name":"Concussion","level":4,"score":0.5679869055747986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5384611487388611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.5075939893722534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.48979854583740234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778670691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419507","display_name":"Tau protein","level":4,"score":0.4740859270095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779483572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83030","display_name":"Dementia","level":3,"score":0.4674307703971863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.38090085983276367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.3492179811000824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.2957373857498169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.2835513949394226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776925932","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755122","display_name":"Neurodegeneration","level":3,"score":0.2539045512676239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502032728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081","display_name":"Alzheimer's disease","level":3,"score":0.2380642592906952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190385971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373494","display_name":"Injury prevention","level":3,"score":0.2161325216293335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.1658487617969513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C545542383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242","display_name":"Medical emergency","level":1,"score":0.08365726470947266}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4103/1673-5374.165319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.165319","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.165319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80372421","display_name":"Neural Regeneration Research","issn_l":"1673-5374","issn":["1673-5374","1876-7958"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320448","host_organization_name":"Medknow","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320448","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Medknow","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Regeneration Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:4705771","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4705771","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Regen Res","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:26807094","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26807094","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural regeneration research","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.803.9040","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.803.9040","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/06/92/NRR-10-1731.PMC4705771.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9aba8ed6cb5c4120ae7707db8706bcea","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9aba8ed6cb5c4120ae7707db8706bcea","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Neural Regeneration Research, Vol 10, Iss 11, Pp 1731-1732 (2015)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"mag:3140145712","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.cqvip.com/QK/88507X/201511/666862191.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306542097","display_name":"\u4e2d\u56fd\u795e\u7ecf\u518d\u751f\u7814\u7a76\uff1a\u82f1\u6587\u7248","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"\u4e2d\u56fd\u795e\u7ecf\u518d\u751f\u7814\u7a76\uff1a\u82f1\u6587\u7248","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.4103/1673-5374.165319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.165319","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.165319","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80372421","display_name":"Neural Regeneration Research","issn_l":"1673-5374","issn":["1673-5374","1876-7958"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320448","host_organization_name":"Medknow","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320448","https://openalex.org/P4310318547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Medknow","Wolters Kluwer"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Regeneration Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.98580002784729}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969079565","https://openalex.org/W1984059880","https://openalex.org/W2002432434","https://openalex.org/W2025275866","https://openalex.org/W2031852804","https://openalex.org/W2035408187","https://openalex.org/W2035438756","https://openalex.org/W2036162274","https://openalex.org/W2056180446","https://openalex.org/W2061438201","https://openalex.org/W2074455856","https://openalex.org/W2081325915","https://openalex.org/W2082429191","https://openalex.org/W2087688816","https://openalex.org/W2105704879","https://openalex.org/W2112961986","https://openalex.org/W2116016048","https://openalex.org/W2141679195","https://openalex.org/W2153206087","https://openalex.org/W4232737588"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7100276072","https://openalex.org/W2134478490","https://openalex.org/W2514236270","https://openalex.org/W7126198945","https://openalex.org/W610565812","https://openalex.org/W7118859451","https://openalex.org/W2614310083","https://openalex.org/W2887131698","https://openalex.org/W2319236841","https://openalex.org/W1804163322"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Chronic":[0],"traumatic":[1,19,246,1437],"encephalopathy":[2],"(CTE)":[3],"is":[4,13,24,36,92,330,337,401,482,523,527,685,696,859,910,1103,1110,1175,1212,1220,1246,1255,1265,1283,1298,1384,1399],"a":[5,270,307,338,352,363,387,613,837,911,948,955,1057,1213,1247,1416,1419],"chronic":[6,993,1077],"neurodegenerative":[7,73,1001,1017],"disease":[8,35,56,1011,1038],"featured":[9],"with":[10,16,212,429,460,621,625,1016,1031,1370],"tauopathy.":[11],"CTE":[12,70,133,141,164,184,225,329,361,396,1079],"tightly":[14],"related":[15],"repetitive":[17,202,257,294,342,436,478,601,721,742,852,865,906,927,1292,1372,1409,1427],"mild":[18],"brain":[20,809,815],"injury":[21,310,866,929],"(mTBI),":[22],"which":[23,259,417,554,710,880,892,973,1089,1211,1398],"interchangeably":[25],"known":[26],"as":[27,231,269,360,506,844,963,1415],"concussion":[28,1174,1404,1428],"(McKee":[29],"et":[30,209,297,321,376,380,514,681,768,772,799,989,1042,1046,1067,1071,1128,1198,1242,1278,1320],"al.,":[31,210,298,322,377,381,515,682,769,773,800,990,1043,1047,1068,1072,1129,1199,1243,1279,1321],"2009,":[32],"2013).":[33,382,1244],"This":[34,1097],"differentiated":[37],"by":[38,1237],"neuropathological":[39],"features":[40],"from":[41,71,370,936,1062,1346],"other":[42,72,1034],"neurological":[43],"diseases":[44,74,1002,1018],"that":[45,263,391,423,524,600,611,658,703,746,825,1023,1107,1219,1306,1327],"involve":[46],"tau":[47,302,410,421,441,471,486,563,572,586,589,616,629,652,667,747,754,783,790,796,803,823,834,842,872,874,1086,1113,1117],"protein":[48,708,1123,1183],"aggregation":[49,797,843,875,1118],"and":[50,60,83,101,145,166,183,221,227,240,326,373,453,496,534,587,624,669,739,763,775,794,864,873,878,944,959,968,992,1009,1029,1141,1254,1269,1348,1362,1425],"tangle":[51,1087],"formation":[52,725],"abnormalities":[53],"like":[54,1003],"Alzheimer's":[55],"(AD),":[57],"frontotemporal":[58],"dementia,":[59],"Parkinsonism":[61],"linked":[62,998],"to":[63,109,127,151,177,223,228,251,272,408,433,450,543,575,615,631,634,645,650,947,977,999,1064,1094,1105,1145,1160,1274,1315,1375,1431,1434],"chromosome":[64],"17":[65],"(FTDP-17).":[66],"The":[67,160,242,324,787,932,1166,1178],"differentiation":[68],"of":[69,81,112,130,140,156,162,169,215,286,328,341,355,365,389,405,414,469,559,578,608,664,673,760,781,822,915,934,957,1136,1151,1168,1216,1249,1259,1300,1422,1439],"provides":[75],"helps":[76],"on":[77,315,1191,1395],"exploring":[78,196],"the":[79,110,119,128,138,154,157,167,179,213,252,261,289,316,402,454,461,489,493,500,560,570,576,671,808,812,820,828,899,919,978,1085,1134,1148,1256,1295,1301,1335,1351,1381,1387,1390,1436],"mechanism":[80],"etiology":[82],"seeking":[84],"potential":[85],"treatment":[86],"for":[87,175,233,237,520,569,1056,1164,1171,1187,1353,1403,1418],"this":[88,201,264,430,510,521,594,636,1074,1311,1377,1408],"disease.":[89,159],"Repetitive":[90],"mTBI":[91,182,203,295,343,347,437,602,722,853,877,907,1293,1329,1373,1410],"usually":[93],"evident":[94,305,860],"in":[95,98,102,106,115,125,195,255,277,288,306,311,349,395,465,472,488,509,550,593,675,689,726,736,753,861,885,918,926,1084,1112,1138,1156,1193,1287,1334,1386],"civilians":[96],"participating":[97],"contact":[99],"sports":[100],"military":[103],"personnel":[104],"engaging":[105],"combat.":[107],"Due":[108,574],"number":[111,388,607,672,914],"individuals":[113],"partaking":[114],"these":[116,356,776,833,1132],"high-risk":[117],"environments,":[118],"general":[120],"public":[121],"concern":[122],"has":[123,996,1184],"heightened":[124],"concordance":[126],"reveal":[129],"many":[131],"new":[132],"cases.":[134],"Despite":[135,1131],"increased":[136,467,485,856],"awareness,":[137],"mechanisms":[139,731],"are":[142,147,193,358,368,779,882,887,1366],"still":[143,332,697,888,1143,1176],"unknown":[144],"there":[146,336,384,481,909,1102],"no":[148,483],"effective":[149,194,1162,1169],"therapies":[150,1036,1170],"help":[152,718],"slow":[153,1181],"progression":[155,740],"devastating":[158],"heterogeneity":[161],"human":[163,278,420,562,588,1440],"cases":[165,357,367],"complexity":[168],"patients\u2019":[170],"backgrounds":[171],"make":[172],"it":[173],"difficult":[174],"scientists":[176],"specify":[178],"links":[180],"between":[181,218,584],"using":[185],"epidemiological":[186],"or":[187,236,439,626,846,1019,1033,1339,1358],"clinical":[188],"approaches;":[189],"appropriate":[190],"animal":[191,1195],"models":[192],"cause-and-effect":[197],"relationships.":[198],"We":[199,280],"developed":[200],"mouse":[204,290,318,463,571,579,585,628,1361],"model":[205,244,265,292,432,512,1374,1411],"(IA":[206],"model)":[207],"(Xu":[208,296,513,1319],"2014)":[211],"hope":[214],"clarifying":[216],"relationships":[217],"multiple":[219,1328],"concussions":[220],"tauopathy,":[222,425],"clarify":[224],"mechanisms,":[226],"eventually":[229],"serve":[230],"vehicles":[232],"experimental":[234,539,1185,1194],"therapeutics":[235],"biomarker":[238],"discovery":[239],"validation.":[241],"IA":[243,291,431,511],"incurs":[245],"axonal":[247,985,1217,1224,1309],"injuries":[248],"(TAI)":[249],"approximate":[250],"ones":[253],"induced":[254],"contact-related":[256],"concussions,":[258],"supports":[260,657,745],"notion":[262],"can":[266,426,716,941,1053,1228,1272,1330,1412],"be":[267,386,427,591,632,643,734,942,1146,1205,1413],"used":[268,428,1369],"tool":[271,1417],"investigate":[273,434],"repeated":[274],"concussive":[275,928],"events":[276],"subjects.":[279],"did":[281],"not":[282,448,537,698],"find":[283],"any":[284,581],"signs":[285],"tauopathy":[287,604,737,886,1095,1139,1157],"after":[293,477,741,756,831,902,1173,1223,1267],"2014),":[299],"even":[300,491],"though":[301,335,492],"hyperphosphorylation":[303,487],"was":[304],"single":[308,863],"blast":[309],"another":[312,1400],"study":[313,1325,1392],"experimenting":[314],"same":[317],"strain":[319],"(Goldstein":[320],"2012).":[323,1200],"incidence":[325],"prevalence":[327],"currently":[331],"unknown.":[333],"Even":[334],"large":[339],"population":[340],"victims":[344],"(1.4\u20133.8":[345],"million":[346],"annually":[348],"USA),":[350],"only":[351],"small":[353],"fraction":[354],"diagnosed":[359],"(only":[362],"couple":[364],"hundred":[366],"identified":[369],"post-mortem":[371],"analyses":[372],"reported)":[374],"(Baugh":[375],"2012;":[378],"McKee":[379],"Therefore":[383],"must":[385],"factors":[390],"have":[392,1021,1081],"decisive":[393],"roles":[394],"formation;":[397],"one":[398,662,687,1299],"suggested":[399],"factor":[400,688],"genetic":[403,609],"risk":[404],"mutations":[406,444,623],"leading":[407],"abnormal":[409,651],"aggregation.":[411,442,653],"A":[412],"variety":[413,956],"transgenic":[415,552,595,619,678,701,1360],"mice,":[416,553],"carry":[418,704],"mutant":[419,705],"genes":[422],"induce":[424],"if":[435,647,720],"triggers":[438],"expedites":[440,723],"These":[443,597],"may":[445,732,840,945,1092,1099,1158,1204,1343],"include,":[446],"but":[447,565,692],"limited":[449],"P301S,":[451],"V337M,":[452],"deletion":[455],"mutation":[456],"\u0394K280.":[457],"Our":[458,1323],"studies":[459,1196],"P301S":[462,544],"resulted":[464],"significantly":[466,855,912],"numbers":[468],"hyperphosphorylated":[470],"retina":[473,1231],"ganglion":[474,1232],"cells":[475],"(RGCs)":[476],"mTBI.":[479,743],"However,":[480],"significant":[484,884,1308],"cortex":[490],"corticospinal":[494],"tract":[495,508,1297],"corpus":[497],"callosum":[498],"were":[499,566,765],"major":[501,1401],"white":[502,1303],"matter":[503,1304],"TAI":[504,526,920,1172],"targets":[505,1305],"optic":[507,1238,1296],"2014).":[516,1322],"One":[517],"possible":[518,582],"explanation":[519],"finding":[522],"cortical":[525,1396],"more":[528,618],"diffusive":[529],"than":[530],"visual":[531,1388],"system":[532],"TAI,":[533,1397],"therefore":[535],"does":[536],"generate":[538],"significance.":[540],"In":[541,850,904,1049,1290,1406],"addition":[542],"mouse,":[545],"we":[546],"observed":[547],"similar":[548],"results":[549],"tauopathy-prone":[551],"harbored":[555],"all":[556],"six":[557],"isoforms":[558],"wild-type":[561],"gene":[564],"knocked":[567],"out":[568],"gene.":[573],"absence":[577],"tau,":[580],"interaction":[583],"could":[590],"excluded":[592],"mouse.":[596],"findings":[598],"indicate":[599],"accelerates":[603],"under":[605,889],"diverse":[606],"conditions":[610],"predispose":[612],"subject":[614],"aggregation;":[617,755],"mice":[620,679,702],"various":[622,785,1000],"without":[627],"need":[630],"tested":[633],"confirm":[635],"theory.":[637],"Other":[638,730],"tau-related":[639],"proteins":[640,824],"should":[641],"also":[642,686,717,733,879,982,1284,1349],"investigated":[644],"see":[646],"they":[648],"contribute":[649,946,1093],"For":[654],"example,":[655],"evidence":[656,1104],"aggregated":[659],"A\u03b2":[660,714],"protein,":[661,715],"feature":[663],"AD,":[665,691,1004],"increases":[666],"phosphorylation":[668,1114],"elevates":[670],"tangles":[674],"Tau":[676],"p301L":[677],"(Gotz":[680],"2001).":[683],"TBI":[684,1020,1268,1288],"inducing":[690],"its":[693,1188,1432],"causative":[694],"role":[695,752,925,1135],"confirmed.":[699],"Therefore,":[700,868,1337],"amyloid":[706],"precursor":[707],"(APP),":[709],"then":[711],"produces":[712],"aggregate":[713],"verify":[719,1376],"plaque":[724],"genetically":[727],"vulnerable":[728],"environments.":[729],"involved":[735,1111],"induction":[738,1140],"Evidence":[744],"proteolysis":[748,821],"plays":[749],"an":[750,1161],"important":[751],"TBI,":[757,1050],"excessive":[758],"amounts":[759],"activated":[761,777,916,1051,1055,1082,1108,1266,1270],"caspase":[762,845],"calpain":[764,847],"found":[766],"(Knoblach":[767],"2002;":[770],"Saatman":[771],"2010),":[774],"enzymes":[778],"capable":[780],"cleaving":[782],"at":[784,898],"sites.":[786],"resulting":[788],"truncated":[789,871],"fragments":[791,835],"form":[792],"oligomers":[793],"trigger":[795],"(Wang":[798],"2007).":[801],"Another":[802,1201],"protease,":[804],"thrombin,":[805],"mobilizes":[806],"into":[807,827],"parenchyma":[810],"through":[811,1119],"TBI-disrupted":[813],"blood":[814],"barrier":[816],"(BBB).":[817],"Thrombin":[818],"induces":[819,974],"leaked":[826],"extracellular":[829],"space":[830],"injury;":[832,1225,1310],"following":[836,1262],"pathological":[838],"event":[839],"initiate":[841],"mentioned":[848],"above.":[849],"our":[851,905,1291,1371],"model,":[854,908,1294],"BBB":[857],"permeability":[858],"both":[862,1027,1423],"paradigms.":[867],"questions":[869],"regarding":[870],"post-repetitive":[876],"proteases":[881],"most":[883],"investigation.":[890],"Neuroinflammation,":[891],"includes":[893],"microglia":[894,917,935,952,994,1052,1083,1091,1109,1137,1153],"activation,":[895],"concomitantly":[896],"occurs":[897],"lesioned":[900],"area":[901],"TBI.":[903],"elevated":[913],"location,":[921],"although":[922],"their":[923,937],"specific":[924],"remains":[930],"unclear.":[931],"activation":[933,995,1026],"resting,":[938],"surveillance":[939],"state":[940,1039],"detrimental":[943],"secondary":[949],"injury.":[950],"Activated":[951],"M1-type":[953],"release":[954],"pro-inflammatory":[958],"neurotoxic":[960],"molecules":[961],"such":[962],"reactive":[964],"oxygen":[965],"species":[966],"(ROS)":[967],"tumor":[969],"necrosis":[970],"factor-\u03b1":[971],"(TNF\u03b1),":[972],"further":[975],"damage":[976],"nervous":[979],"system.":[980],"Microglia":[981],"mediate":[983],"retrograde":[984],"degeneration":[986,1180,1218,1347],"post-TBI":[987],"(Busch":[988],"2009),":[991],"been":[997],"amyotrophic":[1005],"lateral":[1006],"sclerosis":[1007],"(ALS),":[1008],"Parkinson's":[1010],"(PD).":[1012],"Studies":[1013],"involving":[1014],"subjects":[1015,1080],"shown":[1022],"inhibiting":[1024],"microglial":[1025],"clinically":[1028],"experimentally":[1030],"minocycline":[1032],"anti-neuroinflammatory":[1035],"improve":[1037,1350],"(Sanchez":[1040],"Mejia":[1041],"2001;":[1044],"Homsi":[1045],"2010).":[1048,1130],"remain":[1054],"long":[1058],"period":[1059],"time,":[1060],"sometimes":[1061],"months":[1063],"years":[1065],"(Gentleman":[1066],"2004;":[1069],"Johnson":[1070],"2013);":[1073],"pattern":[1075],"indicates":[1076],"neuroinflammation.":[1078],"area,":[1088],"suggests":[1090],"severity.":[1096],"relationship":[1098],"exist":[1100],"since":[1101],"support":[1106,1186],"and,":[1115],"perhaps,":[1116],"interleukin1":[1120],"(IL1)/p38":[1121],"mitogen-activated":[1122],"kinases":[1124],"(MAPK)":[1125],"signaling":[1126,1261,1342],"(Bhaskar":[1127],"hypotheses,":[1133],"chronicity":[1142],"needs":[1144],"confirmed;":[1147],"mechanistic":[1149],"clarification":[1150],"how":[1152],"take":[1154],"part":[1155],"lead":[1159,1273],"therapy":[1163],"CTE.":[1165],"development":[1167],"ongoing.":[1177],"Wallerian":[1179],"(WLDS)":[1182],"protective":[1189],"effects":[1190],"axons":[1192,1345],"(Avery":[1197],"therapeutic":[1202,1378],"target":[1203,1402],"dual":[1206],"leucine":[1207],"zipper":[1208],"kinase":[1209,1248,1252],"(DLK),":[1210],"key":[1214,1257],"mediator":[1215],"robustly":[1221],"upregulated":[1222],"DLK":[1226,1245,1357],"inhibition":[1227],"theoretically":[1229],"reduce":[1230],"cell":[1233,1275],"(RGC)":[1234],"death":[1235,1318],"caused":[1236],"nerve":[1239],"transection":[1240],"(Welsbie":[1241],"c-Jun":[1250],"N-terminal":[1251],"(JNK)":[1253],"activator":[1258],"JNK":[1260,1264,1271,1333,1359],"axotomy.":[1263],"apoptosis":[1276],"(Greer":[1277],"2011).":[1280],"Vision":[1281],"disorder":[1282],"frequently":[1285],"experienced":[1286],"patients.":[1289],"main":[1302],"show":[1307],"localization":[1312],"thus":[1313],"led":[1314],"distinct":[1316],"RGC":[1317],"pilot":[1324],"showed":[1326],"dramatically":[1331],"increase":[1332],"RGCs.":[1336],"blocking":[1338],"disrupting":[1340],"DLK/JNK":[1341],"protect":[1344],"chances":[1352],"RGCs":[1354],"survival.":[1355],"Floxed":[1356],"corresponding":[1363],"pharmacologic":[1364],"reagents":[1365],"now":[1367],"being":[1368],"potential.":[1379],"If":[1380],"pharmaceutical":[1382],"affectability":[1383],"validated":[1385],"system,":[1389],"next":[1391],"will":[1393],"focus":[1394],"therapy.":[1405],"summary,":[1407],"served":[1414],"wide":[1420],"range":[1421],"basic":[1424],"translational":[1426],"studies,":[1429],"due":[1430],"ability":[1433],"replicate":[1435],"nature":[1438],"concussion.":[1441]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
