{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2292758379","doi":null,"title":"African American Mental Health: Persisting Questions and Paradoxical Findings","display_name":"African American Mental Health: Persisting Questions and Paradoxical Findings","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2292758379","mag":"2292758379"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2292758379","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.rcgd.isr.umich.edu/prba/perspectives/spring1995/dwilliams.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027597426","display_name":"Robert Joseph Taylor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8173-9074","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8173-9074"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Joseph Taylor","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8173-9074","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Donald R. Williams","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1071-9284","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1071-9284"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donald R. Williams","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1071-9284","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6992,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89374586,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10652","display_name":"Racial and Ethnic Identity Research","score":0.8525000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10652","display_name":"Racial and Ethnic Identity Research","score":0.8525000214576721,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10272","display_name":"Mental Health Treatment and Access","score":0.10859999805688858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10235","display_name":"Health disparities and outcomes","score":0.010200000368058681,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-american-mental-health","display_name":"African American mental health","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racism-in-science","display_name":"racism in science","score":0.5339999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychopathology-prevalence","display_name":"psychopathology prevalence","score":0.6980000138282776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52130261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39825","display_name":"Census","level":3,"score":0.7166486978530884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779625551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q505619","display_name":"Insanity","level":2,"score":0.7156214118003845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134362201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317309","display_name":"Mental health","level":2,"score":0.653293251991272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139838865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8461","display_name":"Racism","level":2,"score":0.633965253829956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776674806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12135","display_name":"Mental illness","level":3,"score":0.5645976662635803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5269014835357666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.5019028186798096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123273963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q624758","display_name":"Psychopathology","level":2,"score":0.42111656069755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992814624","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817393","display_name":"Black male","level":2,"score":0.41202664375305176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.3999940752983093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.3602389097213745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3036465048789978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2956291437149048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.2608063817024231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.24676653742790222}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2292758379","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.rcgd.isr.umich.edu/prba/perspectives/spring1995/dwilliams.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8048999905586243,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7390999794006348,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W117827150","https://openalex.org/W622334588","https://openalex.org/W1224286896","https://openalex.org/W1574891507","https://openalex.org/W2014291316","https://openalex.org/W2021868237","https://openalex.org/W2027169964","https://openalex.org/W2044236853","https://openalex.org/W2056527160","https://openalex.org/W2058248369","https://openalex.org/W2069243619","https://openalex.org/W2071732436","https://openalex.org/W2072364669","https://openalex.org/W2073189051","https://openalex.org/W2114775933","https://openalex.org/W2139662269","https://openalex.org/W2151886099","https://openalex.org/W2159061031","https://openalex.org/W2292132142","https://openalex.org/W2295296926","https://openalex.org/W2324299619","https://openalex.org/W2403308983","https://openalex.org/W2411273306","https://openalex.org/W3126849616"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7099094396","https://openalex.org/W225521565","https://openalex.org/W4414221753","https://openalex.org/W2801482346","https://openalex.org/W2311832429","https://openalex.org/W2072909870","https://openalex.org/W2114775933","https://openalex.org/W1574891507","https://openalex.org/W2292132142","https://openalex.org/W2488331363"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"study":[1],"of":[2,21,37,49,54,86,91,121,124,148,153,160],"African":[3,128,155],"American":[4,129,156],"mental":[5,102,150],"health":[6,25,103,151],"has":[7],"had":[8],"a":[9,44],"long":[10],"and,":[11],"at":[12],"times,":[13],"disturbing":[14],"history":[15],"in":[16,24,145],"the":[17,27,34,65,70,77,82,122,127,135,149,154],"United":[18],"States.":[19],"Studies":[20,159],"racial":[22],"differences":[23],"during":[26],"19th":[28],"century":[29],"were":[30],"used":[31],"to":[32,74],"obscure":[33],"social":[35],"origins":[36],"illness,":[38],"demonstrate":[39],"black":[40,66,101],"inferiority,":[41],"and":[42,52,112,117,143],"provide":[43],"OscientificO":[45],"rationale":[46],"for":[47],"policies":[48],"inequality,":[50],"subjugation,":[51],"exploitation":[53],"blacks":[55,80,96],"(Krieger":[56],"1987).":[57],"For":[58],"example,":[59],"one":[60],"scientific":[61],"report":[62],"deliberately":[63],"falsified":[64],"insanity":[67],"rates":[68,85],"from":[69],"1840":[71,136],"U.S.":[72],"census":[73],"show":[75],"that":[76,93],"further":[78],"North":[79],"lived,":[81],"higher":[83],"their":[84],"lunacy":[87],"N":[88],"strong":[89],"evidence,":[90],"course,":[92],"freedom":[94],"drove":[95],"crazy!":[97],"Current":[98],"research":[99],"on":[100],"is":[104],"no":[105],"longer":[106],"characterized":[107],"by":[108],"such":[109],"blatant":[110],"racism,":[111],"today":[113],"we":[114],"have":[115],"better":[116],"more":[118],"reliable":[119],"estimates":[120],"distribution":[123],"psychopathology":[125],"within":[126],"population.":[130,157],"However,":[131],"150":[132],"years":[133],"after":[134],"census,":[137],"there":[138],"are":[139],"still":[140],"important":[141],"gaps":[142],"paradoxes":[144],"our":[146],"knowledge":[147],"status":[152],"Early":[158],"Mental":[161],"Illness":[162]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
