{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2292746847","doi":"https://doi.org/10.33915/etd.6744","title":"The Rail and the Cross in West Virginia Timber Country: Rethinking Religion in the Appalachian Mountains","display_name":"The Rail and the Cross in West Virginia Timber Country: Rethinking Religion in the Appalachian Mountains","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2292746847","doi":"https://doi.org/10.33915/etd.6744","mag":"2292746847"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.33915/etd.6744","doi":"https://doi.org/10.33915/etd.6744","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.33915/etd.6744","pdf_url":"https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7785&context=etd","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"West Virginia University Libraries","raw_type":"dissertation"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7785&context=etd","any_repository_has_fulltext":null},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016162963","display_name":"Joseph F. Super","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12097938","display_name":"West Virginia University","ror":"https://ror.org/011vxgd24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12097938"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Joseph F. Super","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of History Morgantown, West Virginia 2014"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of History Morgantown, West Virginia 2014","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12097938"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016162963"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12097938"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14107","display_name":"Appalachian Studies and Mathematics","score":0.5996000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14107","display_name":"Appalachian Studies and Mathematics","score":0.5996000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3300","display_name":"General Social Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11507","display_name":"Religion and Society Interactions","score":0.27810001373291016,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13636","display_name":"Pentecostalism and Christianity Studies","score":0.06719999760389328,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1212","display_name":"Religious studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/west-virginia","display_name":"West Virginia","score":0.9259999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/railways","display_name":"railways","score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protestantism","display_name":"Protestantism","score":0.5040000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/methodism","display_name":"Methodism","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baptists","display_name":"Baptists","score":0.9049999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/presbyterians","display_name":"Presbyterians","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protestant-missionaries","display_name":"Protestant missionaries","score":0.46799999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/timber-industry","display_name":"timber industry","score":0.515999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coal-industry","display_name":"coal industry","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrialization","display_name":"industrialization","score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moral-reform","display_name":"moral reform","score":0.8769999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temperance","display_name":"temperance","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sabbath-law","display_name":"Sabbath law","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/christian-america","display_name":"Christian America","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-elites","display_name":"local elites","score":0.4339999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/progressive-era","display_name":"Progressive Era","score":0.6309999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gilded-age","display_name":"Gilded Age","score":0.9350000023841858}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778364519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2858595","display_name":"Appalachia","level":2,"score":0.8322938680648804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020306683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1371","display_name":"West virginia","level":2,"score":0.7623165845870972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.6301878690719604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.6139840483665466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111021475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23540","display_name":"Protestantism","level":2,"score":0.5996206998825073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C551968917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5043","display_name":"Christianity","level":2,"score":0.5329668521881104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4878213703632355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908665669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2673740","display_name":"Appalachian Region","level":2,"score":0.46957868337631226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.42590227723121643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.41960614919662476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6303427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47398","display_name":"Economic history","level":1,"score":0.38147830963134766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.36822864413261414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.32561415433883667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.3163253664970398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.2605237364768982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.13947775959968567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.1154029369354248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1134367287158966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.10135775804519653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.33915/etd.6744","doi":"https://doi.org/10.33915/etd.6744","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.33915/etd.6744","pdf_url":"https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7785&context=etd","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"West Virginia University Libraries","raw_type":"dissertation"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pqdtoai.proquest.com:3672976","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3672976","pdf_url":"http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3672976","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064308","display_name":"ProQuest Demo Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"thesis"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchrepository.wvu.edu:etd-7785","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/6744","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402612","display_name":"The Research Repository @ WVU (West Virginia University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I12097938","host_organization_name":"West Virginia University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12097938"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports (ETD)","raw_type":"dissertation"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.33915/etd.6744","doi":"https://doi.org/10.33915/etd.6744","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.33915/etd.6744","pdf_url":"https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7785&context=etd","source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"West Virginia University Libraries","raw_type":"dissertation"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2292746847.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2292746847.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":164,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W8849250","https://openalex.org/W22022875","https://openalex.org/W110592183","https://openalex.org/W248335972","https://openalex.org/W380779165","https://openalex.org/W380960834","https://openalex.org/W436233900","https://openalex.org/W563376356","https://openalex.org/W567885174","https://openalex.org/W570613507","https://openalex.org/W571735548","https://openalex.org/W574183536","https://openalex.org/W585381987","https://openalex.org/W585557961","https://openalex.org/W589083009","https://openalex.org/W592088516","https://openalex.org/W602377945","https://openalex.org/W614025906","https://openalex.org/W619334253","https://openalex.org/W621828875","https://openalex.org/W622677694","https://openalex.org/W622997657","https://openalex.org/W632053426","https://openalex.org/W634184072","https://openalex.org/W637349128","https://openalex.org/W639576033","https://openalex.org/W644716569","https://openalex.org/W645620343","https://openalex.org/W646826449","https://openalex.org/W648620874","https://openalex.org/W649750660","https://openalex.org/W654539298","https://openalex.org/W1042168221","https://openalex.org/W1274535436","https://openalex.org/W1513074444","https://openalex.org/W1519053834","https://openalex.org/W1527034133","https://openalex.org/W1528544169","https://openalex.org/W1537127741","https://openalex.org/W1537172357","https://openalex.org/W1540753588","https://openalex.org/W1562884059","https://openalex.org/W1565632079","https://openalex.org/W1571211366","https://openalex.org/W1943843471","https://openalex.org/W1969973824","https://openalex.org/W1970720204","https://openalex.org/W1983904015","https://openalex.org/W1986807947","https://openalex.org/W1997867659","https://openalex.org/W2005667562","https://openalex.org/W2014692204","https://openalex.org/W2024893791","https://openalex.org/W2027693147","https://openalex.org/W2040096121","https://openalex.org/W2047069596","https://openalex.org/W2050692616","https://openalex.org/W2055227803","https://openalex.org/W2058095848","https://openalex.org/W2066033169","https://openalex.org/W2070304409","https://openalex.org/W2081993603","https://openalex.org/W2083486788","https://openalex.org/W2086838758","https://openalex.org/W2094246012","https://openalex.org/W2100231337","https://openalex.org/W2123936940","https://openalex.org/W2143077638","https://openalex.org/W2167099919","https://openalex.org/W2245041669","https://openalex.org/W2292068496","https://openalex.org/W2298399690","https://openalex.org/W2320690169","https://openalex.org/W2322789500","https://openalex.org/W2324328338","https://openalex.org/W2333929603","https://openalex.org/W2466567563","https://openalex.org/W2493774323","https://openalex.org/W2619118613","https://openalex.org/W2743120479","https://openalex.org/W2751659737","https://openalex.org/W2797015702","https://openalex.org/W2797782877","https://openalex.org/W2798104344","https://openalex.org/W2798308318","https://openalex.org/W2798854829","https://openalex.org/W2799637557","https://openalex.org/W2802360938","https://openalex.org/W2887372674","https://openalex.org/W2894615168","https://openalex.org/W2894780624","https://openalex.org/W2917188220","https://openalex.org/W2924603168","https://openalex.org/W2955999429","https://openalex.org/W3018110405","https://openalex.org/W3047732413","https://openalex.org/W3097924179","https://openalex.org/W3119884380","https://openalex.org/W4206580888","https://openalex.org/W4230536954","https://openalex.org/W4231304087","https://openalex.org/W4231310188","https://openalex.org/W4231570322","https://openalex.org/W4232553484","https://openalex.org/W4237747678","https://openalex.org/W4239402422","https://openalex.org/W4239572491","https://openalex.org/W4240339717","https://openalex.org/W4240863201","https://openalex.org/W4252027731","https://openalex.org/W4252985050","https://openalex.org/W4289253020","https://openalex.org/W4289254977","https://openalex.org/W4298021357","https://openalex.org/W4298106115","https://openalex.org/W4298166827","https://openalex.org/W4298288854","https://openalex.org/W4298310022","https://openalex.org/W4298371282","https://openalex.org/W4299312852","https://openalex.org/W4299317374","https://openalex.org/W4299353458","https://openalex.org/W4299404748","https://openalex.org/W4299881889","https://openalex.org/W4299983160","https://openalex.org/W4300518106","https://openalex.org/W4300626984","https://openalex.org/W4300682027","https://openalex.org/W4300829452","https://openalex.org/W4300955509","https://openalex.org/W4301151566","https://openalex.org/W4301248669","https://openalex.org/W4301465218","https://openalex.org/W4301672507","https://openalex.org/W4301705793","https://openalex.org/W4302174670","https://openalex.org/W4302593024","https://openalex.org/W4302789317","https://openalex.org/W4312784946","https://openalex.org/W4380763706","https://openalex.org/W4388388797","https://openalex.org/W6601871051","https://openalex.org/W6612926433","https://openalex.org/W6617235694","https://openalex.org/W6618082667","https://openalex.org/W6634021069","https://openalex.org/W6654498577","https://openalex.org/W6665210554","https://openalex.org/W6675024767","https://openalex.org/W6754828920","https://openalex.org/W6989426776","https://openalex.org/W6998523791","https://openalex.org/W6998682081","https://openalex.org/W7005433816","https://openalex.org/W7010429552","https://openalex.org/W7017168354","https://openalex.org/W7029003846","https://openalex.org/W7034067735","https://openalex.org/W7036108665","https://openalex.org/W7055284762","https://openalex.org/W7062795408","https://openalex.org/W7074739724","https://openalex.org/W7075326848","https://openalex.org/W7075355370"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2038782865","https://openalex.org/W2314937214","https://openalex.org/W586090924","https://openalex.org/W1987132249","https://openalex.org/W32113624","https://openalex.org/W2985949952","https://openalex.org/W1602513723","https://openalex.org/W4388437697","https://openalex.org/W4250803797","https://openalex.org/W2587684975"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"West":[0,67,160,220],"Virginia":[1,68,161],"underwent":[2],"significant":[3],"changes":[4],"in":[5,44,102,175,183,215,219,231,250,293,316],"the":[6,17,36,52,57,60,74,81,85,97,103,126,130,139,156,172,187,192,200,210,216,223,232,251,283,301,308,313,334,355,368,378,393,396,399],"four":[7],"decades":[8],"between":[9],"1880":[10],"and":[11,16,24,34,63,70,89,99,122,145,148,166,178,184,208,218,234,258,273,289,297,327,374],"1920.":[12],"The":[13,66],"Gilded":[14],"Age":[15],"Progressive":[18],"Era":[19],"witnessed":[20],"political,":[21],"social,":[22],"cultural,":[23],"economic":[25,123],"upheavals":[26],"as":[27,132,205,363],"industrialists":[28,296],"looked":[29],"to":[30,118,142,155,202,245,387],"exploit":[31],"natural":[32],"resources":[33],"propel":[35],"Mountain":[37],"State":[38,177],"into":[39,138],"a":[40,45,337,349,371],"position":[41],"of":[42,76,84,96,191,267,286,295,357,370,377,395],"leadership":[43],"modern":[46],"national":[47,169],"economy.":[48],"Railroads":[49],"opened":[50],"up":[51],"remote":[53,253],"interior":[54],"counties,":[55],"paving":[56],"way":[58],"for":[59,278,306,320,324,354],"oil,":[61],"coal,":[62],"timber":[64,98],"industries.":[65],"Central":[69],"Pittsburg":[71],"Railway,":[72],"under":[73],"direction":[75],"Henry":[77,364],"Gassaway":[78,365],"Davis,":[79],"scaled":[80],"highest":[82],"peaks":[83],"Allegheny":[86],"Mountains.":[87],"Davis":[88,366],"his":[90],"business":[91],"associates":[92],"quickly":[93],"took":[94],"control":[95,294],"coal":[100],"reserves":[101],"mountain":[104,157,240,287],"counties.":[105],"Local":[106],"elites":[107],"allied":[108],"themselves":[109],"with":[110,385],"larger":[111],"capitalists,":[112],"forming":[113],"partnerships":[114],"which":[115],"enabled":[116],"outsiders":[117],"dominate":[119],"local":[120,179,299],"political":[121],"life":[124],"throughout":[125],"period.;Religious":[127],"transformations":[128],"characterized":[129],"period":[131],"well.":[133],"Nation-wide,":[134],"Protestant":[135,213,331,352],"missionaries":[136],"moved":[137],"South,":[140],"seeking":[141],"evangelize,":[143],"educate,":[144],"uplift":[146],"whites":[147],"blacks.":[149],"Northern":[150],"churches":[151,241,311,332,386],"paid":[152],"particular":[153],"attention":[154],"South.":[158],"However,":[159,391],"received":[162],"significantly":[163],"less":[164],"money":[165],"manpower":[167],"from":[168],"denominations":[170],"than":[171],"other":[173],"states":[174],"Appalachia.":[176],"religious":[180],"organizations":[181],"stepped":[182],"ensured":[185,237],"that":[186,238,343],"rapidly":[188],"in-creasing":[189],"population":[190],"state":[193,314,335],"would":[194],"not":[195],"go":[196],"unreached.":[197],"They":[198,382],"used":[199],"railroad":[201],"their":[203,298],"ad-vantage":[204],"well.;Methodists,":[206],"Baptists,":[207],"Presbyterians,":[209],"three":[211,226],"largest":[212],"groups":[214],"country":[217],"Virginia,":[221],"led":[222],"way.":[224],"All":[225],"already":[227],"had":[228,242],"some":[229,243],"presence":[230],"mountains,":[233],"denominational":[235,262,345],"networks":[236],"these":[239],"ties":[244],"mainline":[246,338],"Christianity.":[247],"Missionaries":[248],"working":[249,279],"most":[252],"regions":[254],"reinforced":[255],"traditional":[256],"doctrine":[257],"practice":[259],"while":[260,347],"strengthening":[261],"ties.":[263],"Churches":[264],"attracted":[265],"people":[266],"all":[268],"social":[269],"ranks,":[270],"although":[271],"Methodists":[272],"Baptists":[274],"offered":[275],"more":[276],"opportunities":[277],"class":[280],"members.":[281],"While":[282],"secular":[284],"affairs":[285],"communities":[288],"counties":[290],"remained":[291,304],"firmly":[292],"affiliates,":[300],"sacred":[302,397],"sphere":[303],"open":[305],"all.;At":[307],"same":[309,379],"time,":[310],"across":[312,333],"joined":[315],"increasingly":[317],"loud":[318],"calls":[319],"moral":[321,380],"re-form,":[322],"particularly":[323],"new":[325],"Sabbath":[326],"temperance":[328],"laws.":[329],"Thus,":[330],"reflected":[336],"yet":[339],"conservative":[340],"doctrinal":[341],"outlook":[342],"emphasized":[344],"distinctives":[346],"championing":[348],"unified,":[350],"broadly":[351],"culture":[353],"creation":[356],"sought-after":[358],"Christian":[359,372],"America.":[360],"Industrialists":[361],"such":[362],"shared":[367],"vision":[369],"America":[373],"favored":[375],"many":[376],"reforms.":[381],"worked":[383],"together":[384],"achieve":[388],"common":[389],"goals.":[390],"despite":[392],"autonomy":[394],"sphere,":[398]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}