{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2290112638","doi":null,"title":"The evaluation of bulbar redness grading scales","display_name":"The evaluation of bulbar redness grading scales","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-01-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2290112638","mag":"2290112638"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:uwspace.uwaterloo.ca:10012/4918","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10012/4918","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401661","display_name":"UWSpace (University of Waterloo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","host_organization_name":"University of Waterloo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Doctoral Thesis"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047961479","display_name":"Marc Schulze","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4025-553X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4025-553X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marc Schulze","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047961479"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10997","display_name":"Ocular Surface and Contact Lens","score":0.6714000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10997","display_name":"Ocular Surface and Contact Lens","score":0.6714000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11666","display_name":"Color Science and Applications","score":0.1193000003695488,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10381","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment Studies","score":0.022299999371170998,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grading-scale","display_name":"grading scale","score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-calibration","display_name":"cross-calibration","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychophysical-scaling","display_name":"psychophysical scaling","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fractal-dimension","display_name":"fractal dimension","score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chromaticity","display_name":"chromaticity","score":0.9229999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ocular-redness","display_name":"eye redness","score":0.5120000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conjunctival-hyperemia","display_name":"conjunctival hyperemia","score":0.5370000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observer-variability","display_name":"observer variability","score":0.35100001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ocular-surface-inflammation","display_name":"ocular surface inflammation","score":0.30399999022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ocular-surface-disease","display_name":"ocular surface disease","score":0.3330000042915344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777286243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.8384901285171509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4671812653541565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993012660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18185","display_name":"Grading scale","level":2,"score":0.4568115472793579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.4371609687805176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.42917400598526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83849319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7295720","display_name":"Rating scale","level":2,"score":0.41553497314453125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.369942843914032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.23115697503089905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10853540897369385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.09668746590614319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:uwspace.uwaterloo.ca:10012/4918","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10012/4918","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401661","display_name":"UWSpace (University of Waterloo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","host_organization_name":"University of Waterloo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Doctoral Thesis"},{"id":"mag:2290112638","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/bitstream/10012/4918/1/Schulze_Marc-Matthias.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.428600013256073,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":104,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W23219261","https://openalex.org/W83495434","https://openalex.org/W107820929","https://openalex.org/W122352038","https://openalex.org/W149807329","https://openalex.org/W632627687","https://openalex.org/W1481957524","https://openalex.org/W1485026392","https://openalex.org/W1486420060","https://openalex.org/W1495964115","https://openalex.org/W1500275217","https://openalex.org/W1509559802","https://openalex.org/W1515135833","https://openalex.org/W1519612019","https://openalex.org/W1535217604","https://openalex.org/W1556469068","https://openalex.org/W1571558628","https://openalex.org/W1572951093","https://openalex.org/W1590229349","https://openalex.org/W1591074357","https://openalex.org/W1592452311","https://openalex.org/W1842008425","https://openalex.org/W1965361151","https://openalex.org/W1966140966","https://openalex.org/W1966477722","https://openalex.org/W1969324628","https://openalex.org/W1973138477","https://openalex.org/W1974510487","https://openalex.org/W1977930426","https://openalex.org/W1979435410","https://openalex.org/W1982709658","https://openalex.org/W1984237219","https://openalex.org/W1984314602","https://openalex.org/W1984425976","https://openalex.org/W1990398113","https://openalex.org/W1991300525","https://openalex.org/W2005451687","https://openalex.org/W2008033286","https://openalex.org/W2010858133","https://openalex.org/W2012467780","https://openalex.org/W2012797101","https://openalex.org/W2015595848","https://openalex.org/W2015787826","https://openalex.org/W2015795623","https://openalex.org/W2018927830","https://openalex.org/W2019398887","https://openalex.org/W2023490121","https://openalex.org/W2028098347","https://openalex.org/W2029654180","https://openalex.org/W2029774171","https://openalex.org/W2031136678","https://openalex.org/W2032223574","https://openalex.org/W2033143990","https://openalex.org/W2035260372","https://openalex.org/W2035729566","https://openalex.org/W2036075009","https://openalex.org/W2039417072","https://openalex.org/W2040082807","https://openalex.org/W2044065723","https://openalex.org/W2049373969","https://openalex.org/W2053767371","https://openalex.org/W2053920035","https://openalex.org/W2055368905","https://openalex.org/W2055370551","https://openalex.org/W2056655862","https://openalex.org/W2056930330","https://openalex.org/W2057316749","https://openalex.org/W2057720927","https://openalex.org/W2058599826","https://openalex.org/W2068306161","https://openalex.org/W2069623664","https://openalex.org/W2072618923","https://openalex.org/W2076021065","https://openalex.org/W2077704799","https://openalex.org/W2078052603","https://openalex.org/W2081761349","https://openalex.org/W2082264627","https://openalex.org/W2082761718","https://openalex.org/W2083138712","https://openalex.org/W2091691807","https://openalex.org/W2093941635","https://openalex.org/W2097540125","https://openalex.org/W2098070646","https://openalex.org/W2098928054","https://openalex.org/W2108904969","https://openalex.org/W2110347177","https://openalex.org/W2122317169","https://openalex.org/W2123842807","https://openalex.org/W2126896464","https://openalex.org/W2136022845","https://openalex.org/W2140525720","https://openalex.org/W2141105120","https://openalex.org/W2141403362","https://openalex.org/W2142482194","https://openalex.org/W2147726813","https://openalex.org/W2153634495","https://openalex.org/W2158844632","https://openalex.org/W2164847484","https://openalex.org/W2168759831","https://openalex.org/W2170590026","https://openalex.org/W2313339984","https://openalex.org/W2318465276","https://openalex.org/W2399883005","https://openalex.org/W2971629176"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1963736651","https://openalex.org/W2015787826","https://openalex.org/W2083138712","https://openalex.org/W2046094903","https://openalex.org/W2039417072","https://openalex.org/W2806441423","https://openalex.org/W634709378","https://openalex.org/W2018927830","https://openalex.org/W2894830922","https://openalex.org/W2574864169"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,341,368,421,451,568,613,839,874,905,922],"use":[1,139,159,889,906],"of":[2,15,40,46,52,64,99,108,121,129,142,148,167,181,207,265,277,292,295,306,326,330,358,381,425,469,485,496,522,542,558,571,596,606,623,669,701,717,723,739,776,807,814,821,841,884,893,907,919,949,953,973,978,986,1002],"grading":[3,16,84,153,172,188,214,255,427,894,917],"scales":[4,17,85,783,898,980],"is":[5,936,1001,1013],"common":[6],"in":[7,86,250,362,458,633,647,779,1005],"clinical":[8,834,871],"practice":[9],"and":[10,33,79,94,106,111,191,212,228,247,268,312,319,405,502,519,637,692,789,816,857,966],"research":[11,960,1006],"settings.":[12],"A":[13,976],"number":[14,39],"are":[18,29,785,790,809,964,1019],"available":[19],"to":[20,68,88,114,144,162,192,245,273,288,335,354,402,413,434,438,464,481,533,651,662,732,749,758,793,826,829,869,880,927,942,995],"the":[21,44,47,50,61,70,100,104,109,146,149,164,168,179,187,208,251,269,275,278,296,328,355,378,382,432,459,482,493,497,543,563,572,597,611,620,624,666,670,689,693,702,718,756,767,773,782,832,842,882,885,908,928,946,950,954,970,979,983,987,1010],"practitioner,":[22],"however,":[23],"despite":[24],"their":[25,439],"frequent":[26],"use,":[27],"they":[28,887],"only":[30,310],"poorly":[31],"understood":[32],"may":[34,866,899],"be":[35,115,867,900,943],"criticised":[36],"for":[37,74,308,347,352,389,655,673,755,795],"a":[38,91,97,119,304,449,478,534,706,812,863,933],"things":[41],"such":[42],"as":[43,133,234,236,242,360,385,492,537,580,590,870],"variability":[45,924,929],"assessments":[48],"or":[49,56,1008],"inequality":[51],"scale":[53,189,384,428,447,536,552,577,695,872,886,935],"steps":[54],"within":[55,431,575],"between":[57,195,262,416,515,551,601,642,713,772,896,916,969],"scales.":[58,101,154,173,196,215,256,279,417,564,643,719,835,921,975,1024],"\\n":[59,125,216,507,761,956],"\\nHence,":[60],"global":[62],"aim":[63],"this":[65,130,959],"thesis":[66,131],"was":[67,123,333,350,374,400,411,490,503,578,616,710,851,925],"study":[69],"McMonnies/Chapman-Davies":[71],"(MC-D),":[72],"Institute":[73],"Eye":[75],"Research":[76],"(IER),":[77],"Efron,":[78,211],"validated":[80],"bulbar":[81,151,170,202,253,339,467],"redness":[82,143,152,166,171,203,249,254,344,359,396,407,442,468,489,570,595,615,635,654,686,708,800,808,823,850,861,876,940,985],"(VBR)":[83],"order":[87,668],"(1)":[89],"get":[90],"better":[92],"understanding":[93],"(2)":[95],"attempt":[96],"cross-calibration":[98,796,977],"After":[102,324],"verifying":[103],"accuracy":[105,147,276],"precision":[107],"objective":[110,523],"subjective":[112],"techniques":[113],"used":[116,351,412,696,828],"(chapter":[117],"3),":[118],"series":[120],"experiments":[122,461],"conducted.":[124],"\\nThe":[126],"specific":[127],"aims":[128],"were":[132,240,260,286,315,429,462,513,548,588,631],"follows:":[134],"\\n\u2022":[135,155,174,197,218,280,365,418,509,565,627,681,763,802,836,902],"Chapter":[136,156,175,198,219,281,366,419,510,566,628,682,764,803,837,903],"4:":[137,220,511,765],"To":[138,158,177,200],"physical":[140,243,356,530,544,621,774,799,965],"attributes":[141,357,622],"determine":[145,274],"four":[150,169,252,833],"5:":[157,282,567,804],"psychophysical":[160,390],"scaling":[161,186,391,399,410,460,645,820,847],"estimate":[163],"perceived":[165,338,343,395,406,441,466,569,614,634,653,685,707,822,875,984],"6:":[176,367,629,838],"investigate":[178],"effect":[180],"using":[182,204,859,1022],"reference":[183,270,297,379,423,483,516,573,598,625,640,659,694,777,843,911,951,971,988],"anchors":[184,388],"when":[185,561,638,932],"images,":[190],"convert":[193],"grades":[194,272,415,518,883,912,997],"7:":[199,420,683,904],"grade":[201],"cross-calibrated":[205],"versions":[206,294],"MC-D,":[209],"IER,":[210],"VBR":[213,383],"\\nMethods:":[217],"Two":[221],"image":[222,266,271,332,349,499,517,660,691],"processing":[223],"metrics,":[224],"fractal":[225],"dimension":[226],"(D)":[227],"%":[229],"pixel":[230],"coverage":[231],"(%":[232],"PC),":[233],"well":[235],"photometric":[237],"chromaticity":[238,815],"(u\u2019)":[239],"selected":[241],"measures":[244],"describe":[246],"compare":[248,996],"Pearson":[257],"correlation":[258,721],"coefficients":[259,722,738],"calculated":[261],"each":[263,331,348,426,486,529,576,780],"set":[264],"metrics":[267,524],"Ten":[283],"na\u00efve":[284],"observers":[285,454],"asked":[287,463],"arrange":[289],"printed":[290],"copies":[291],"modified":[293,375,422],"images":[298,380,424,472,484,574,599,672,704,778,844,952,972,989],"(showing":[299],"vascular":[300],"detail":[301],"only)":[302],"across":[303,505,998],"distance":[305],"1.5m":[307],"which":[309,1000],"start":[311],"end":[313],"point":[314],"indicated":[316],"by":[317,376,473,610,1015],"0":[318,433,501,757],"100,":[320],"respectively":[321],"(non-anchored":[322],"scaling).":[323,393],"completion":[325],"scaling,":[327,404,445,664],"position":[329,495],"hypothesised":[334],"reflect":[336],"its":[337],"redness.":[340,593],"averaged":[342,440,504],"(across":[345],"observers)":[346],"comparison":[353],"determined":[361],"chapter":[363,372],"4.":[364],"experimental":[369],"setup":[370],"from":[371,397,408,443,500,727,743],"5":[373,744],"providing":[377],"additional,":[386],"unlabelled":[387],"(anchored":[392],"Averaged":[394],"anchored":[398,409,444,846],"compared":[401,661],"non-anchored":[403,663],"cross-calibrate":[414],"positioned":[430],"100":[435,759],"range":[436,636,948],"according":[437],"one":[446,476,658],"at":[448,477,714],"time.":[450],"same":[452,1011],"10":[453],"who":[455,1018],"had":[456,705],"participated":[457],"represent":[465],"16":[470,703],"sample":[471,690],"placing":[474],"them,":[475],"time,":[479],"relative":[480],"scale.":[487,955],"Perceived":[488,594,939],"taken":[491],"measured":[494],"placed":[498],"observers.":[506],"\\nResults:":[508],"Correlations":[512],"high":[514],"all":[520,584,656,920,974],"sets":[521],"(all":[525],"Pearson\u2019s":[526],"r\u2019s\u22650.88,":[527],"p\u22640.05);":[528],"attribute":[531,545],"pointed":[532],"different":[535,592,604,712,792,1023],"being":[538,608,827],"most":[539],"accurate.":[540],"Independent":[541],"used,":[546],"there":[547,963],"wide":[549],"discrepancies":[550],"grades,":[553],"with":[554,603,619,665,845,992,1021],"sometimes":[555],"little":[556],"overlap":[557],"equivalent":[559],"levels":[560,587,641],"comparing":[562,639],"ordered":[579],"expected,":[581],"but":[582,657],"not":[583,786,858],"consecutive":[585],"within-scale":[586,855],"rated":[589],"having":[591],"varied":[600],"scales,":[602,999],"ranges":[605],"severity":[607],"covered":[609],"images.":[612,626],"strongly":[617],"associated":[618],"There":[630],"differences":[632,968],"Anchored":[644],"resulted":[646],"an":[648,993],"apparent":[649],"shift":[650],"lower":[652],"rank":[667],"20":[671],"both":[674],"procedures":[675],"remaining":[676],"fairly":[677],"constant":[678],"(Spearman\u2019s":[679],"\u03c1=0.99).":[680],"Overall,":[684],"depended":[687],"on":[688,798,811,854,982],"(RM":[697],"ANOVA;":[698],"p=0.0008);":[699],"6":[700],"that":[709,849,865,891,962],"significantly":[711],"least":[715],"two":[716],"Between-scale":[720,737],"concordance":[724],"(CCC)":[725],"ranged":[726,742],"0.93":[728],"(IER":[729,746,752],"vs.":[730,735,747,753],"Efron)":[731,754],"0.98":[733],"(VBR":[734],"Efron).":[736],"repeatability":[740],"(COR)":[741],"units":[745,751],"VBR)":[748],"8":[750],"range.":[760],"\\nConclusions:":[762],"Despite":[766],"generally":[768],"strong":[769],"linear":[770],"associations":[771],"characteristics":[775,856],"scale,":[781],"themselves":[784],"inherently":[787],"accurate":[788],"too":[791],"allow":[794,878],"based":[797,810,853,981],"attributes.":[801],"Subjective":[805],"estimates":[806,895,918],"combination":[813],"vessel-based":[817],"components.":[818],"Psychophysical":[819],"lends":[824],"itself":[825],"cross":[830],"calibrate":[831],"re-scaling":[840],"suggests":[848],"assessed":[852],"absolute":[860],"scores,":[862],"mechanism":[864],"referred":[868],"constancy.":[873],"data":[877],"practitioners":[879,991,1017],"modify":[881],"commonly":[888],"so":[890],"comparisons":[892],"calibrated":[897,910],"made.":[901],"newly":[909],"showed":[913,961],"close":[914],"agreement":[915],"between-scale":[923],"similar":[926],"typically":[930],"observed":[931],"single":[934],"repeatedly":[937],"used.":[938],"appears":[941],"dependent":[944],"upon":[945],"dynamic":[947],"\\nIn":[957],"conclusion,":[958],"perceptual":[967],"provides":[990],"opportunity":[994],"particular":[1003],"value":[1004],"settings":[1007],"if":[1009],"patient":[1012],"seen":[1014],"multiple":[1016],"familiar":[1020]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-26T08:19:03.415552","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
