{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2290106466","doi":null,"title":"Externalizations and the Load on Working Memory in Problem Solving","display_name":"Externalizations and the Load on Working Memory in Problem Solving","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2290106466","mag":"2290106466"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2290106466","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://ir.lib.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/files/public/2/26139/20141225141138959834/BullGradSchEducHiroshimaUniv-Part3-EducHumanSci_57_261.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029417993","display_name":"Kazunori Otsuka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6623-924X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6623-924X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kazunori Otsuka","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089277065","display_name":"Makoto Miyatani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5438-3949","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5438-3949"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Makoto Miyatani","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5438-3949","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":"57","first_page":"261","last_page":"268"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11577","display_name":"Cognitive Abilities and Testing","score":0.46070000529289246,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11577","display_name":"Cognitive Abilities and Testing","score":0.46070000529289246,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.385699987411499,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11345","display_name":"Cognitive and developmental aspects of mathematical skills","score":0.017899999395012856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/externalization","display_name":"externalization","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/working-memory-load","display_name":"working memory load","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/problem-solving","display_name":"problem solving","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/number-guessing-game","display_name":"number guessing game","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/external-resources","display_name":"external resources","score":0.777999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-records","display_name":"game records","score":0.5370000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/community-college-students","display_name":"community college students","score":0.6980000138282776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779379281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61895854","display_name":"Externalization","level":2,"score":0.9636303186416626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21963081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11337567","display_name":"Working memory","level":3,"score":0.8588464856147766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.503574550151825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179226034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18599","display_name":"Short-term memory","level":4,"score":0.4619572162628174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.4381021559238434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4167187809944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.36513233184814453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.2708170413970947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2290106466","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://ir.lib.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/files/public/2/26139/20141225141138959834/BullGradSchEducHiroshimaUniv-Part3-EducHumanSci_57_261.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:2575346143","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/120001143938","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W69470806","https://openalex.org/W1612049740","https://openalex.org/W1807945115","https://openalex.org/W1986947088","https://openalex.org/W1989017865","https://openalex.org/W1996832863","https://openalex.org/W2082386856","https://openalex.org/W2092225199","https://openalex.org/W2100757236","https://openalex.org/W2109212167","https://openalex.org/W2162792036","https://openalex.org/W2985118785"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6942417962","https://openalex.org/W6942425939","https://openalex.org/W4247924694","https://openalex.org/W2061791951","https://openalex.org/W7096321060","https://openalex.org/W2067488845","https://openalex.org/W3154495983","https://openalex.org/W4408745574","https://openalex.org/W2919278310","https://openalex.org/W6922343557"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Effects":[0],"and":[1,51,136],"the":[2,42,55,58,64],"content":[3],"of":[4,28,44,57,66,107],"externalization":[5],"during":[6],"problem":[7,144],"solving":[8,145],"tasks":[9],"causing":[10],"different":[11],"loads":[12],"on":[13,60,89],"working":[14,35,61,131],"memory":[15,36,62,132],"were":[16,69,91,127],"investigated.\u3000Junior":[17],"college":[18],"student":[19],"participants":[20,75,87,97],"(N":[21],"=":[22],"26)":[23],"played":[24],"five":[25],"three-dimensional":[26],"versions":[27],"number":[29],"guessing":[30],"games":[31,59],"that":[32,54,86,96,112,123,126],"directly":[33],"used":[34,128],"resources,":[37],"either":[38],"with":[39,105],"or":[40,78,109],"without":[41],"possibility":[43],"using":[45],"external":[46,82,135],"resources":[47,133],"such":[48],"as":[49],"papers":[50],"pencils.\u3000Results":[52],"indicated":[53,95],"load":[56],"affected":[63],"performance":[65,73,114],"participants.\u3000However,":[67],"there":[68],"no":[70],"differences":[71],"in":[72,143],"between":[74],"who":[76],"did":[77,79],"not":[80,116],"use":[81],"resources.":[83],"Externalization":[84],"contents":[85],"wrote":[88],"paper":[90],"also":[92,121],"analyzed.\u3000The":[93],"results":[94],"tended":[98],"to":[99],"externalize":[100],"all":[101],"game":[102,113,124],"records":[103,125],"compared":[104],"parts":[106],"these":[108],"others,":[110],"suggesting":[111],"was":[115],"facilitated":[117],"by":[118],"externalization.":[119],"Results":[120],"suggest":[122],"for":[129],"distributing":[130],"over":[134],"internal":[137],"representations":[138],"have":[139],"an":[140],"important":[141],"role":[142],"tasks.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}