{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2288745202","doi":null,"title":"A Drought-Induced African Slave Trade?","display_name":"A Drought-Induced African Slave Trade?","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2288745202","mag":"2288745202"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai::69853","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/69853/1/MPRA_paper_69853.pdf","pdf_url":"https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/69853/1/MPRA_paper_69853.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400553","display_name":"Munich Personal RePEc Archive (Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","host_organization_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"MPRA Paper"},"volume":null,"type":"report","is_traditional":false,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/69853/1/MPRA_paper_69853.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054367339","display_name":"Levi Boxell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3113-1666","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3113-1666"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Levi Boxell","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3113-1666","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054367339"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12144","display_name":"Colonialism, slavery, and trade","score":0.8779000043869019,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12144","display_name":"Colonialism, slavery, and trade","score":0.8779000043869019,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10605","display_name":"Historical Economic and Social Studies","score":0.08669999986886978,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12312","display_name":"Culture, Economy, and Development Studies","score":0.0215000007301569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3303","display_name":"Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/african-slave-trade","display_name":"African slave trade","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drought","display_name":"drought","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rainfall-shocks","display_name":"rainfall shocks","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/historical-rainfall-data","display_name":"historical rainfall data","score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slave-exports","display_name":"slave exports","score":0.878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consumption-smoothing","display_name":"consumption smoothing","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labor-allocation","display_name":"labor allocation","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/long-term-development","display_name":"long-term development","score":0.5529999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-trafficking","display_name":"human trafficking","score":0.6759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slavery","display_name":"slavery","score":0.5450000166893005}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780592174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10701282","display_name":"Atlantic slave trade","level":2,"score":0.5144053101539612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30772137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164762","display_name":"Consumption (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.4931768774986267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778762746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164766","display_name":"Consumption smoothing","level":3,"score":0.4789472222328186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4735868573188782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.4259577989578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.35115158557891846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.32746267318725586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.148635596036911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.1469283103942871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.08103182911872864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6303427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47398","display_name":"Economic history","level":1,"score":0.06157049536705017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778126366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41171","display_name":"Unemployment","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai::69853","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/69853/1/MPRA_paper_69853.pdf","pdf_url":"https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/69853/1/MPRA_paper_69853.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400553","display_name":"Munich Personal RePEc Archive (Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","host_organization_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"MPRA Paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:pra:mprapa:69853","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/69853/1/MPRA_paper_69853.pdf","pdf_url":"https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/69853/1/MPRA_paper_69853.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"mag:2288745202","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID2742316_code2519980.pdf?abstractid=2742316&mirid=2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:3122613574","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:pra:mprapa:69853","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:3144588407","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ideas.repec.org/p/pra/mprapa/69853.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400553","display_name":"Munich Personal RePEc Archive (Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","host_organization_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"MPRA Paper","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai::69853","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/69853/1/MPRA_paper_69853.pdf","pdf_url":"https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/69853/1/MPRA_paper_69853.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400553","display_name":"Munich Personal RePEc Archive (Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","host_organization_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"MPRA Paper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.7257999777793884},{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.46149998903274536},{"display_name":"No poverty","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","score":0.41670000553131104}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333844","display_name":"Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research","ror":"https://ror.org/02bg31g49"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2288745202.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2288745202.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W594285980","https://openalex.org/W652956524","https://openalex.org/W1503282832","https://openalex.org/W1542069079","https://openalex.org/W1730679139","https://openalex.org/W2084638009","https://openalex.org/W2118642082","https://openalex.org/W2124758339","https://openalex.org/W2171259764","https://openalex.org/W3122336878","https://openalex.org/W3126088645"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2763005809","https://openalex.org/W3121532354","https://openalex.org/W2090156214","https://openalex.org/W190594433","https://openalex.org/W7096281779","https://openalex.org/W3123032920","https://openalex.org/W2165571877","https://openalex.org/W7212088235","https://openalex.org/W7095346617","https://openalex.org/W3129438653"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Historians":[0],"have":[1,60,132],"frequently":[2],"suggested":[3],"that":[4,94],"droughts":[5,111],"helped":[6],"facilitate":[7],"the":[8,26,43,49,64,81,102,107,122,127],"African":[9,128],"slave":[10,82,113,129],"trade.":[11],"By":[12],"introducing":[13],"a":[14,55,70],"previously":[15],"unused":[16],"dataset":[17],"on":[18,63],"historical":[19,90],"rainfall":[20,37,47],"levels":[21],"in":[22,42,80],"Africa,":[23],"I":[24,33,92],"provide":[25],"first":[27],"empirical":[28,87],"answer":[29],"to":[30,78,118],"this":[31],"hypothesis.":[32],"demonstrate":[34],"how":[35],"negative":[36,108],"shocks":[38],"and":[39,58,89,97,112,131,139],"long-run":[40],"shifts":[41],"mean":[44],"level":[45,65],"of":[46,51,66,74,121,124],"increased":[48],"number":[50],"slaves":[52],"exported":[53],"from":[54],"given":[56],"region":[57],"can":[59],"persistent":[61],"effects":[62],"development":[67],"today.":[68],"Using":[69],"simple":[71],"economic":[72],"model":[73],"an":[75],"individual's":[76],"decision":[77],"participate":[79],"trade,":[83],"along":[84],"with":[85],"observed":[86],"heterogeneity":[88],"anecdotes,":[91],"argue":[93],"consumption":[95],"smoothing":[96],"labor":[98],"allocation":[99],"adjustments":[100],"are":[101],"primary":[103],"causal":[104],"mechanisms":[105],"for":[106,135],"relationship":[109],"between":[110],"exports.":[114],"These":[115],"findings":[116],"contribute":[117],"our":[119],"understanding":[120],"process":[123],"selection":[125],"into":[126],"trade":[130],"policy":[133],"implications":[134],"contemporary":[136],"human":[137],"trafficking":[138],"slavery.":[140]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}