{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2287452687","doi":null,"title":"Sanitation System Solution for Kotoko Community in Suame (Kumasi), Ghana","display_name":"Sanitation System Solution for Kotoko Community in Suame (Kumasi), Ghana","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-01-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2287452687","mag":"2287452687"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs.asrjetsjournal.org:article/1161","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://asrjetsjournal.org/American_Scientific_Journal/article/view/1161","pdf_url":"http://asrjetsjournal.org/index.php/American_Scientific_Journal/article/view/1161","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407065841","display_name":"American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences","issn_l":"2313-4402","issn":["2313-4402","2313-4410"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2313-4410","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"http://asrjetsjournal.org/index.php/American_Scientific_Journal/article/view/1161","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014783771","display_name":"Roland Songotu Kabange","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801516365","display_name":"Kumasi Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qgpp207","country_code":"GH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801516365"]}],"countries":["GH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roland. S. Kabange","raw_affiliation_strings":["Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kumasi Polytechnic, P. O. Box 854, Kumasi, Ghana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Kumasi Polytechnic, P. O. Box 854, Kumasi, Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801516365"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020714393","display_name":"Jay P. Graham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7062-6293","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7062-6293"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jay P. Graham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Global Health Program & Milken Institute of Public Health, 950 New Hamsphire Avenue, NW Suite 400, Washington, DC 20052"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7062-6293","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Global Health Program & Milken Institute of Public Health, 950 New Hamsphire Avenue, NW Suite 400, Washington, DC 20052","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028592813","display_name":"Andrews Nkansah","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I291863076","display_name":"University of Energy and Natural Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/05r9rzb75","country_code":"GH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I291863076"]}],"countries":["GH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrews Nkansah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Energy & Environmental Engineering, University of Energy & Natural Resources, Box 214, Sunyani, Ghana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy & Environmental Engineering, University of Energy & Natural Resources, Box 214, Sunyani, Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I291863076"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"1","first_page":"19","last_page":"54"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11781","display_name":"Wastewater Treatment and Reuse","score":0.8550000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Waste Management and Disposal"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11781","display_name":"Wastewater Treatment and Reuse","score":0.8550000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Waste Management and Disposal"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10596","display_name":"Child Nutrition and Water Access","score":0.05119999870657921,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12147","display_name":"Urban and Rural Development Challenges","score":0.029899999499320984,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ventilated-improved-pit-latrines","display_name":"ventilated improved pit latrines","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peri-urban-settlements","display_name":"peri-urban settlements","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity-analysis","display_name":"sensitivity analysis","score":0.6610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inflation","display_name":"inflation","score":0.453000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-income-housing","display_name":"low-income housing","score":0.5120000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/muslim-communities","display_name":"Muslim communities","score":0.4490000009536743}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780151969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q949149","display_name":"Sanitation","level":2,"score":0.9688113927841187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165895018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156849","display_name":"Sewerage","level":2,"score":0.8151426911354065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780965534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3097999","display_name":"Pit latrine","level":4,"score":0.6349934339523315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197743484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5615741","display_name":"Latrine","level":3,"score":0.5407183170318604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4713016748428345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97156103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17072861","display_name":"Open defecation","level":3,"score":0.4513104557991028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777910687","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6007834","display_name":"Improved sanitation","level":3,"score":0.4203723073005676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91375879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274","display_name":"Environmental planning","level":1,"score":0.3803601562976837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.3720360994338989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.3481883406639099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.2967587411403656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.27518391609191895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.2657164931297302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.15581992268562317}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs.asrjetsjournal.org:article/1161","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://asrjetsjournal.org/American_Scientific_Journal/article/view/1161","pdf_url":"http://asrjetsjournal.org/index.php/American_Scientific_Journal/article/view/1161","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407065841","display_name":"American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences","issn_l":"2313-4402","issn":["2313-4402","2313-4410"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2313-4410","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"mag:2287452687","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://asrjetsjournal.org/index.php/American_Scientific_Journal/article/view/1161","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407065841","display_name":"American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences","issn_l":"2313-4402","issn":["2313-4402","2313-4410"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ojs.asrjetsjournal.org:article/1161","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://asrjetsjournal.org/American_Scientific_Journal/article/view/1161","pdf_url":"http://asrjetsjournal.org/index.php/American_Scientific_Journal/article/view/1161","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407065841","display_name":"American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences","issn_l":"2313-4402","issn":["2313-4402","2313-4410"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2313-4410","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.9333000183105469},{"display_name":"No poverty","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","score":0.8928999900817871},{"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","score":0.7811999917030334},{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":0.7778000235557556},{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4943999946117401},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.4000000059604645}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2287452687.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2287452687.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W49935863","https://openalex.org/W64757705","https://openalex.org/W168417592","https://openalex.org/W294904405","https://openalex.org/W304907108","https://openalex.org/W610335231","https://openalex.org/W1523618001","https://openalex.org/W1577591726","https://openalex.org/W1607060425","https://openalex.org/W1982486134","https://openalex.org/W2001425804","https://openalex.org/W2007761751","https://openalex.org/W2008462904","https://openalex.org/W2061345453","https://openalex.org/W2132353069","https://openalex.org/W2133463174","https://openalex.org/W2135421078","https://openalex.org/W2172558814","https://openalex.org/W2176270916","https://openalex.org/W2186118634","https://openalex.org/W2342206930"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2592305118","https://openalex.org/W2955481635","https://openalex.org/W3007085282","https://openalex.org/W3039320484","https://openalex.org/W2172558814","https://openalex.org/W2345218186","https://openalex.org/W185560966","https://openalex.org/W168417592","https://openalex.org/W7064076139","https://openalex.org/W2098563167"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Decades":[0],"of":[1,23,44,103,173,256,316],"poor":[2],"sanitation":[3,25,33,50,68,71,90,124,129,168,206,245,269,318],"coverage":[4],"in":[5,67,107,223,287],"developing":[6],"countries":[7],"suggest":[8],"that":[9,159,183,200,239,295],"conventional":[10],"top-down":[11],"approaches":[12],"are":[13,19],"not":[14,230],"doing":[15],"well":[16],"and":[17,52,57,64,88,116,137,142,151,186,272,281,285,290],"alternatives":[18],"needed.":[20],"Few":[21],"sets":[22],"comparative":[24],"systems":[26,130],"costs":[27,30],"exist,":[28],"particularly":[29],"related":[31],"to":[32,85,120,311],"facilities":[34,72,148],"sharing.":[35],"With":[36],"current":[37,274,300],"little":[38],"experience":[39],"pulling":[40],"a":[41,95,171,198,254],"wide":[42],"range":[43],"factors":[45],"together":[46],"for":[47,76,94,154,225,247],"good":[48],"quality":[49],"planning":[51,69,270],"selection,":[53],"this":[54],"research":[55,157,237],"explored":[56],"evaluated":[58,153],"the":[59,164,194,203,233,242,266,277,288,314],"interrelationship":[60],"between":[61],"socio-cultural,":[62],"economic":[63],"technical":[65],"issues":[66],"with":[70,279],"sharing":[73,149,172,255],"as":[74],"basis":[75],"cost":[77,145],"comparison.":[78],"A":[79],"community-level":[80],"framework":[81,264,303],"was":[82,163,193,202,241],"then":[83,144],"developed":[84],"inform":[86],"sustainable":[87],"acceptable":[89],"system":[91],"selection":[92],"process":[93],"low-income":[96],"high-density":[97],"predominantly":[98],"Muslim":[99],"multi-ethnic":[100],"peri-urban":[101,250,317],"settlement":[102],"about":[104],"2,200":[105],"inhabitants":[106],"Kumasi":[108],"(Ghana).":[109],"The":[110,126,156,221,236,262,302],"methodology":[111],"initially":[112],"combined":[113],"published":[114],"literature":[115],"experts\u2019":[117,282],"views":[118,283],"analysis":[119,181,212,228],"determine":[121],"three":[122,127],"preferred":[123,128,204],"systems.":[125],"(pour-flush":[131],"latrine,":[132],"ventilated":[133],"improved":[134],"pit":[135],"latrine":[136],"simplified":[138,160],"sewerage)":[139],"were":[140,190],"costed":[141],"analysed,":[143],"compared":[146],"on":[147,276],"basis,":[150],"finally":[152],"solution.":[155],"revealed":[158],"sewerage":[161],"(SS)":[162],"likely":[165],"most":[166],"cost-effective":[167],"solution":[169,207,246],"at":[170,253],"seven":[174,257],"households":[175,258],"per":[176,259],"flush":[177,260],"toilet.":[178,261],"Simple":[179],"sensitivity":[180,211,227],"found":[182],"if":[184],"energy":[185],"materials":[187],"price":[188,226],"fluctuations":[189],"likely,":[191],"SS":[192,216,240],"least":[195],"sensitive":[196],"\u2013":[197],"confirmation":[199],"it":[201],"future":[205],"under":[208,218],"inflation.":[209],"\u201cRealistic-equal-cost-point\u201d":[210],"model":[213],"also":[214],"confirmed":[215],"cost-effectiveness":[217],"inflationary":[219],"conditions.":[220],"change":[222],"assumptions":[224],"did":[229],"therefore":[231],"affect":[232],"overall":[234],"recommendations.":[235],"concluded":[238],"first":[243],"choice":[244],"Ghana\u2019s":[248],"densely-populated":[249],"Kotoko":[251],"community":[252],"proposed":[263],"promoted":[265],"bottom-up":[267],"community-based":[268],"philosophy":[271],"supported":[273],"thinking":[275],"subject,":[278],"users\u2019":[280],"well-articulated":[284],"embedded":[286],"framework,":[289],"addressed":[291],"key":[292],"sustainability":[293],"elements":[294],"could":[296,304],"be":[297,306],"incorporated":[298],"into":[299],"models.":[301],"thus":[305],"used":[307],"by":[308],"local":[309],"authorities":[310],"gradually":[312],"address":[313],"complexities":[315],"challenges.":[319]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}