{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2286879733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2150131916632554","title":"Spatial Access to Primary Care Providers in Appalachia","display_name":"Spatial Access to Primary Care Providers in Appalachia","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-02-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2286879733","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2150131916632554","mag":"2286879733","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26906524","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5932679"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/2150131916632554","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2150131916632554","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2150131916632554","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59821943","display_name":"Journal of Primary Care & Community Health","issn_l":"2150-1319","issn":["2150-1319","2150-1327"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Primary Care & Community Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5932679","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032462887","display_name":"Joseph Donohoe","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph Donohoe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mountain Pacific Quality Health, Helena, MT, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mountain Pacific Quality Health, Helena, MT, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054439271","display_name":"Vince Marshall","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vince Marshall","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014838410","display_name":"Xi Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2409-5927","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2409-5927"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12097938","display_name":"West Virginia University","ror":"https://ror.org/011vxgd24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12097938"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xi Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12097938"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046182172","display_name":"FABIAN T. CAMACHO","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4878-0283","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4878-0283"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabian T. Camacho","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019453350","display_name":"Roger T. Anderson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8112-4117","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8112-4117"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roger T. Anderson","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015605411","display_name":"Rajesh Balkrishnan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9363-9257","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9363-9257"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51556381","display_name":"University of Virginia","ror":"https://ror.org/0153tk833","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rajesh Balkrishnan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015605411"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51556381"],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2500},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.0229,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92545141,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"3","first_page":"149","last_page":"158"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11990","display_name":"Global Health Workforce Issues","score":0.4528999924659729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3604","display_name":"Emergency Medical Services"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11990","display_name":"Global Health Workforce Issues","score":0.4528999924659729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3604","display_name":"Emergency Medical Services"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10391","display_name":"Healthcare Policy and Management","score":0.3865000009536743,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11590","display_name":"Primary Care and Health Outcomes","score":0.04699999839067459,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primary-care-physicians","display_name":"primary care physicians","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/appalachia","display_name":"Appalachia","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-rural-disparities","display_name":"urban-rural disparities","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physician-to-population-ratio","display_name":"physician-to-population ratio","score":0.746999979019165}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778364519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2858595","display_name":"Appalachia","level":2,"score":0.9655530452728271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42629822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1346408","display_name":"Geocoding","level":2,"score":0.7974915504455566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52130261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39825","display_name":"Census","level":3,"score":0.6207810044288635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776688068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q940223","display_name":"Catchment area","level":3,"score":0.6188663244247437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908665669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2673740","display_name":"Appalachian Region","level":2,"score":0.6117546558380127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984752397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3259956","display_name":"Primary care","level":2,"score":0.5965768098831177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5635700821876526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5420005321502686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41856607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483130","display_name":"Geographic information system","level":2,"score":0.5172232389450073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.45068517327308655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.33817577362060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.2738274931907654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.2648462653160095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126645576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166620","display_name":"Drainage basin","level":2,"score":0.2241363823413849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100970517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52107","display_name":"Physical geography","level":1,"score":0.1096729040145874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001061","descriptor_name":"Appalachian Region","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002391","descriptor_name":"Catchment Area, Health","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006297","descriptor_name":"Health Services Accessibility","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008490","descriptor_name":"Medical Informatics","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009657","descriptor_name":"North Carolina","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009820","descriptor_name":"Ohio","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010414","descriptor_name":"Pennsylvania","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010820","descriptor_name":"Physicians","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011320","descriptor_name":"Primary Health Care","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012424","descriptor_name":"Rural Population","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014505","descriptor_name":"Urban Population","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D062206","descriptor_name":"Spatial Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/2150131916632554","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2150131916632554","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2150131916632554","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59821943","display_name":"Journal of Primary Care & Community Health","issn_l":"2150-1319","issn":["2150-1319","2150-1327"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Primary Care & Community Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:4858340","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5932679","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:5932679","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5932679","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Prim Care Community Health","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:26906524","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26906524","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of primary care & community health","raw_type":"Evaluation Study"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a897d1e952db45cf9db74d61b705424b","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a897d1e952db45cf9db74d61b705424b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Primary Care & Community Health, Vol 7 (2016)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:4858340","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5932679","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8199999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"},{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.5,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G935884968","display_name":"Pharmacotheraphy Evaluation Tools for Improving Breast Cancer Outcomes in Rural A","funder_award_id":"R21CA168479","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","funder_display_name":"National Cancer Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","display_name":"National Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040gcmg81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1568460854","https://openalex.org/W1978391333","https://openalex.org/W1988377065","https://openalex.org/W1992733914","https://openalex.org/W1995124708","https://openalex.org/W1995143216","https://openalex.org/W2018117618","https://openalex.org/W2033062290","https://openalex.org/W2042386526","https://openalex.org/W2052432561","https://openalex.org/W2081531476","https://openalex.org/W2082251973","https://openalex.org/W2095868417","https://openalex.org/W2103613143","https://openalex.org/W2115569288","https://openalex.org/W2120156132","https://openalex.org/W2142099060","https://openalex.org/W2157177317","https://openalex.org/W2161987701","https://openalex.org/W2168339025"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2300233233","https://openalex.org/W2168339025","https://openalex.org/W2281860284","https://openalex.org/W2483488604","https://openalex.org/W2979878820","https://openalex.org/W214257739","https://openalex.org/W3182767994","https://openalex.org/W4391054830","https://openalex.org/W4416717390","https://openalex.org/W4239234145"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"PURPOSE:":[0],"The":[1,44,128,163,188,212],"goal":[2],"of":[3,41,50,74,95,124,156,166,190],"this":[4,191],"research":[5,226],"was":[6,34],"to":[7,11,32,77,81,103,110,121,151,184,220,233],"examine":[8],"spatial":[9,182,201],"access":[10,20,31,150,183,202,219],"primary":[12,83,106,185],"care":[13,33,58,84,107,152,186,221],"physicians":[14,59,76],"in":[15,153,222],"Appalachia":[16,48],"using":[17,195],"both":[18],"traditional":[19],"measures":[21],"and":[22,38,54,62,86,140,159,172],"the":[23,96,136,167,180,200],"2-step":[24],"floating":[25],"catchment":[26,142,174],"area":[27],"(2SFCA)":[28],"method.":[29],"Spatial":[30],"compared":[35],"between":[36],"urban":[37,154],"rural":[39],"regions":[40],"Appalachia.":[42],"METHODS:":[43],"study":[45,97,192],"region":[46,98],"included":[47],"counties":[49],"Pennsylvania,":[51,157],"Ohio,":[52,158],"Kentucky,":[53],"North":[55,160],"Carolina.":[56,161],"Primary":[57],"during":[60],"2008":[61],"total":[63],"census":[64],"block":[65],"group":[66],"populations":[67],"were":[68,90],"geocoded":[69],"into":[70],"GIS":[71],"software.":[72],"Ratios":[73],"county":[75,120],"population,":[78],"driving":[79],"time":[80],"nearest":[82],"physician,":[85],"various":[87],"2SFCA":[88,129,146,168,198,213],"approaches":[89],"compared.":[91],"RESULTS:":[92],"Urban":[93],"areas":[94,155],"had":[99],"shorter":[100],"travel":[101,208,229],"times":[102],"their":[104],"closest":[105],"physician.":[108],"Provider":[109],"population":[111],"ratios":[112],"produced":[113,131],"results":[114,133],"that":[115,194],"varied":[116,132],"widely":[117],"from":[118],"one":[119],"another":[122],"because":[123],"strict":[125],"geographic":[126],"boundaries.":[127],"method":[130,214],"depending":[134],"on":[135,179,227],"distance":[137],"decay":[138,170],"weight":[139],"variable":[141,173],"size":[143],"techniques":[144],"chose.":[145],"scores":[147],"showed":[148],"greater":[149],"CONCLUSION:":[162],"different":[164],"parameters":[165],"method-distance":[169],"weights":[171],"sizes-have":[175],"a":[176,196],"large":[177],"impact":[178],"resulting":[181],"scores.":[187],"findings":[189],"suggest":[193],"relative":[197],"approach,":[199],"ratio":[203],"method,":[204],"when":[205],"detailed":[206],"patient":[207,228],"data":[209],"are":[210],"unavailable.":[211],"shows":[215],"promise":[216],"for":[217],"measuring":[218],"Appalachia,":[223],"but":[224],"more":[225],"preferences":[230],"is":[231],"needed":[232],"inform":[234],"implementation.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}