{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2284884908","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.61.1.30163730","title":"The Misuse of Ratios, Indices, and Percentages in Ecophysiological Research","display_name":"The Misuse of Ratios, Indices, and Percentages in Ecophysiological Research","publication_year":1988,"publication_date":"1988-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2284884908","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.61.1.30163730","mag":"2284884908"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/physzool.61.1.30163730","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.61.1.30163730","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.61.1.30163730","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210188623","display_name":"Physiological Zoology","issn_l":"0031-935X","issn":["0031-935X","1937-4267"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315672","host_organization_name":"University of Chicago Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315672","https://openalex.org/P4310315690"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Chicago Press","University of Chicago"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physiological Zoology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020842102","display_name":"Gary C. Packard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6050-1654","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6050-1654"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gary C. Packard","raw_affiliation_strings":[""],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Thomas J. Boardman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas J. Boardman","raw_affiliation_strings":[""],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":19.2839,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":489,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99797377,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11056","display_name":"Physiological and biochemical adaptations","score":0.37720000743865967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11056","display_name":"Physiological and biochemical adaptations","score":0.37720000743865967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13141","display_name":"Statistical Methods and Applications","score":0.22920000553131104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14137","display_name":"Agriculture, Soil, Plant Science","score":0.1534000039100647,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1102","display_name":"Agronomy and Crop Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/allometry","display_name":"allometry","score":0.5889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/body-size","display_name":"body size","score":0.7049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ratio","display_name":"ratio","score":0.41100001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analysis-of-covariance","display_name":"covariance analysis","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-misinterpretation","display_name":"statistical misinterpretation","score":0.6159999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecophysiology","display_name":"ecophysiology","score":0.671999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/percentiles","display_name":"percentiles","score":0.3700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indices","display_name":"indexes","score":0.5339999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bivariate-plots","display_name":"bivariate plots","score":0.5820000171661377}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64341305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4919225","display_name":"Bivariate analysis","level":2,"score":0.7516846656799316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77350462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1125472","display_name":"Confounding","level":2,"score":0.685820996761322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.6699995994567871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119340705","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1628597","display_name":"Analysis of covariance","level":2,"score":0.5939186811447144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178650346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201984","display_name":"Covariance","level":2,"score":0.5225550532341003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4927411377429962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148264743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4919224","display_name":"Bivariate data","level":3,"score":0.454009473323822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.4537052512168884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.40012842416763306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3839861750602722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.34301692247390747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2840441167354584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.20919406414031982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.15567219257354736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.13608819246292114}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1086/physzool.61.1.30163730","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.61.1.30163730","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/physzool.61.1.30163730","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210188623","display_name":"Physiological Zoology","issn_l":"0031-935X","issn":["0031-935X","1937-4267"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315672","host_organization_name":"University of Chicago Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315672","https://openalex.org/P4310315690"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Chicago Press","University of Chicago"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physiological Zoology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W147278429","https://openalex.org/W368475356","https://openalex.org/W1533179050","https://openalex.org/W1593330170","https://openalex.org/W2002018811","https://openalex.org/W2030605500","https://openalex.org/W2035901073","https://openalex.org/W2086075542","https://openalex.org/W2162185202","https://openalex.org/W2167201116","https://openalex.org/W2317782077","https://openalex.org/W2326257815","https://openalex.org/W2327775628","https://openalex.org/W2328186035","https://openalex.org/W2333988909","https://openalex.org/W2519577985"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2042515074","https://openalex.org/W3162496919","https://openalex.org/W2083428796","https://openalex.org/W2044456101","https://openalex.org/W2138787677","https://openalex.org/W2169474694","https://openalex.org/W4402275394","https://openalex.org/W2116064568","https://openalex.org/W4405447012","https://openalex.org/W2022381389"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ratios":[0],"are":[1,95,134],"used":[2],"by":[3,37],"many":[4],"ecological":[5,169],"physiologists":[6,170],"to":[7,28,52,81,118,131,154,174],"adjust":[8],"(or":[9],"scale)":[10],"data":[11,24,57,143,176],"that":[12,133,156,168,178],"vary":[13],"allometrically":[14],"with":[15,136,158],"body":[16,63,86],"size.":[17],"We":[18,165],"use":[19,49,78,180],"two":[20],"sets":[21],"of":[22,50,56,79,85,106,112,123,128,142,151],"real":[23],"from":[25,88,139,161],"our":[26],"laboratory":[27],"illustrate":[29],"in":[30,59,92,99,145],"detail":[31],"how":[32],"investigators":[33],"may":[34],"be":[35],"misled":[36],"statistical":[38,126],"analyses":[39,127,150],"performed":[40],"on":[41],"such":[42],"ratios.":[43],"The":[44,73],"first":[45],"example":[46,75],"concerns":[47,76],"the":[48,54,77,107,113,181],"ratios":[51,80,129,173],"increase":[53],"precision":[55],"gathered":[58],"planned":[60],"experiments":[61],"where":[62,90],"size":[64,87],"varies":[65],"within":[66],"experimental":[67,108],"groups":[68],"but":[69],"not":[70],"among":[71],"them.":[72],"second":[74],"remove":[82],"confounding":[83],"effects":[84],"studies":[89],"animals":[91,117],"one":[93],"group":[94],"larger":[96],"than":[97],"those":[98],"other":[100],"groups,":[101],"as":[102],"a":[103],"result":[104],"either":[105],"manipulation":[109],"itself":[110],"or":[111],"procedure":[114],"for":[115],"assigning":[116],"treatment":[119],"groups.":[120],"In":[121,148],"both":[122],"these":[124,162],"examples,":[125],"lead":[130,153],"conclusions":[132,155],"inconsistent":[135],"impressions":[137,159],"gained":[138,160],"visual":[140],"examinations":[141],"displayed":[144],"bivariate":[146],"plots.":[147,164],"comparison,":[149],"covariance":[152],"agree":[157],"same":[163],"therefore":[166],"recommend":[167],"discontinue":[171],"using":[172],"scale":[175],"and":[177],"they":[179],"ANCOVA":[182],"instead.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
