{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2281065455","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.1365","title":"World\u2010class expertise: a developmental model","display_name":"World\u2010class expertise: a developmental model","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-09-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2281065455","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.1365","mag":"2281065455","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26372618"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/wcs.1365","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.1365","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.1365","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130623406","display_name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science","issn_l":"1939-5078","issn":["1939-5078","1939-5086"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"WIREs Cognitive Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068609802","display_name":"Scott Barry Kaufman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1648-8034","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1648-8034"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140827","display_name":"Imagination Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/056qngw23","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140827"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Scott Barry Kaufman","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Imagination Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Imagination Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140827","https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034664324","display_name":"Angela Lee Duckworth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2644-3729","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2644-3729"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Angela L. Duckworth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068609802"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140827","https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"apc_list":{"value":4150,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4150},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4197,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.51807229,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1-2","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10813","display_name":"Sport Psychology and Performance","score":0.8637999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10813","display_name":"Sport Psychology and Performance","score":0.8637999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10547","display_name":"Education, Achievement, and Giftedness","score":0.03200000151991844,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11577","display_name":"Cognitive Abilities and Testing","score":0.022299999371170998,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expertise-development","display_name":"expertise development","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-achievement","display_name":"high achievement","score":0.6959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/talent-development","display_name":"talent development","score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skill-acquisition","display_name":"skill acquisition","score":0.574999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developmental-model","display_name":"developmental model","score":0.4729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/individual-differences-in-ability","display_name":"individual differences in ability","score":0.41600000858306885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129554576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8355","display_name":"Violin","level":2,"score":0.6553465723991394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103189561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5372","display_name":"Basketball","level":2,"score":0.6087482571601868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5756632685661316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89611455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6804646","display_name":"Mechanism (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5332486629486084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5311927199363708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5259568691253662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66746571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134833","display_name":"ENCODE","level":3,"score":0.4435354471206665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.43216636776924133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.358845055103302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.34579986333847046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.33617928624153137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2952920198440552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.2347780466079712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.21857506036758423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.13788169622421265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13427987694740295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.10078045725822449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000124","descriptor_name":"Achievement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009048","descriptor_name":"Motor Skills","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011361","descriptor_name":"Professional Competence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D066233","descriptor_name":"Psychology, Developmental","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/wcs.1365","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.1365","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.1365","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130623406","display_name":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science","issn_l":"1939-5078","issn":["1939-5078","1939-5086"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"WIREs Cognitive Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:26372618","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26372618","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Cognitive science","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W424249945","https://openalex.org/W576774741","https://openalex.org/W615576406","https://openalex.org/W643318071","https://openalex.org/W1521360432","https://openalex.org/W1522024619","https://openalex.org/W1543555219","https://openalex.org/W1566754726","https://openalex.org/W1572905031","https://openalex.org/W1602376808","https://openalex.org/W1628407244","https://openalex.org/W1967605054","https://openalex.org/W1967896642","https://openalex.org/W1971237995","https://openalex.org/W1978112136","https://openalex.org/W1986461797","https://openalex.org/W1990871429","https://openalex.org/W2005033477","https://openalex.org/W2007376865","https://openalex.org/W2014223721","https://openalex.org/W2036130261","https://openalex.org/W2044167547","https://openalex.org/W2045594163","https://openalex.org/W2050399559","https://openalex.org/W2055753599","https://openalex.org/W2095142423","https://openalex.org/W2096186199","https://openalex.org/W2097652369","https://openalex.org/W2098838658","https://openalex.org/W2101245043","https://openalex.org/W2108649253","https://openalex.org/W2112420523","https://openalex.org/W2117535423","https://openalex.org/W2121196365","https://openalex.org/W2122025961","https://openalex.org/W2123411108","https://openalex.org/W2135175034","https://openalex.org/W2135654630","https://openalex.org/W2135799338","https://openalex.org/W2139204978","https://openalex.org/W2144334026","https://openalex.org/W2152831629","https://openalex.org/W2153146691","https://openalex.org/W2154609665","https://openalex.org/W2156812767","https://openalex.org/W2158382820","https://openalex.org/W2161834676","https://openalex.org/W2163390460","https://openalex.org/W2167244996","https://openalex.org/W2168460911","https://openalex.org/W2169098006","https://openalex.org/W2169907225","https://openalex.org/W2170071335","https://openalex.org/W2170132486","https://openalex.org/W2171301064","https://openalex.org/W2322909156","https://openalex.org/W2482475762","https://openalex.org/W2495908928","https://openalex.org/W2555163174","https://openalex.org/W2565980699","https://openalex.org/W2588855640","https://openalex.org/W2602960379","https://openalex.org/W4205976359","https://openalex.org/W4211081781","https://openalex.org/W4236300553","https://openalex.org/W4238850219","https://openalex.org/W4242883546","https://openalex.org/W4248664972","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4300743895"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2153475908","https://openalex.org/W3043777320","https://openalex.org/W7097792142","https://openalex.org/W7055515558","https://openalex.org/W2892340654","https://openalex.org/W2559654938","https://openalex.org/W3134535765","https://openalex.org/W2101997553","https://openalex.org/W2947664851","https://openalex.org/W41869995"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"field":[1],"of":[2,84,95,98],"psychology":[3],"has":[4,23],"done":[5],"a":[6,50,68],"remarkable":[7],"job":[8],"discovering":[9],"the":[10,26,53,75,81,85,96,138],"ways":[11,28],"people":[12,29,103],"differ":[13],"from":[14],"one":[15],"another":[16],"in":[17],"their":[18,107],"abilities":[19],"and":[20,89,109],"talents,":[21],"but":[22],"long":[24],"neglected":[25],"diverse":[27],"can":[30],"unleash":[31],"those":[32],"capacities.":[33],"There":[34],"is":[35],"no":[36],"plausible":[37],"mechanism":[38],"by":[39],"which":[40],"our":[41],"genes":[42],"directly":[43],"encode":[44],"skills":[45],"like":[46],"how":[47,65],"to":[48,66,104,113,133],"dribble":[49],"basketball,":[51],"play":[52],"violin,":[54],"or":[55,70],"solve":[56],"an":[57,72],"algebraic":[58],"equation.":[59],"We":[60],"are":[61],"not":[62],"born":[63],"knowing":[64],"write":[67],"sonnet":[69],"flip":[71],"omelet.":[73],"On":[74],"contrary,":[76],"all":[77],"human":[78],"expertise-even":[79],"at":[80],"far-right":[82],"tail":[83],"distribution-depends":[86],"on":[87],"experience":[88],"training.":[90],"A":[91],"more":[92],"accurate":[93],"understanding":[94],"development":[97],"high":[99],"achievement":[100],"should":[101],"inspire":[102],"push":[105],"beyond":[106],"perceived":[108],"often":[110],"self-imposed":[111],"limits":[112],"reach":[114],"heights":[115],"they":[116],"never":[117],"would":[118],"have":[119],"imagined":[120],"possible.":[121],"WIREs":[122,139],"Cogn":[123],"Sci":[124],"2017,":[125],"8:e1365.":[126],"doi:":[127],"10.1002/wcs.1365":[128],"For":[129],"further":[130],"resources":[131],"related":[132],"this":[134],"article,":[135],"please":[136],"visit":[137],"website.":[140]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}