{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2279005507","doi":null,"title":"Automatic security assessment of control systems for critical cyber-infrastructures","display_name":"Automatic security assessment of control systems for critical cyber-infrastructures","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2279005507","mag":"2279005507"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2279005507","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/handle/2142/81842","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065622216","display_name":"Roy H. Campbell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3754-7777","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3754-7777"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roy H. Campbell","raw_affiliation_strings":["***University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3754-7777","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"***University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033269031","display_name":"Zahid Anwar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4608-4305","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4608-4305"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zahid Anwar","raw_affiliation_strings":["***University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4608-4305","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"***University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.21559109,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"64","last_page":"64"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11807","display_name":"Infrastructure Resilience and Vulnerability Analysis","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-infrastructure-protection","display_name":"critical infrastructure protection","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-system-security","display_name":"power system security","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-system-security","display_name":"control system security","score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-hardening","display_name":"security hardening","score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"anomaly detection","score":0.6380000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tool-chain","display_name":"toolchain","score":0.5889999866485596}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6962736248970032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6150383949279785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178148461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1632136","display_name":"Security controls","level":3,"score":0.5926069617271423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172862783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165888","display_name":"Control system security","level":5,"score":0.5515095591545105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29852176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373338","display_name":"Critical infrastructure","level":2,"score":0.5252418518066406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195518309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13424265","display_name":"Security testing","level":5,"score":0.45691829919815063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29983905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445066","display_name":"Security service","level":3,"score":0.44874945282936096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4322358965873718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103377522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3493999","display_name":"Security information and event management","level":4,"score":0.41689401865005493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.352413535118103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3387129604816437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184842701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370563","display_name":"Cloud computing security","level":3,"score":0.3097081780433655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117110713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3394676","display_name":"Network security policy","level":4,"score":0.26593017578125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527648132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189900","display_name":"Information security","level":2,"score":0.2473081350326538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2279005507","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/handle/2142/81842","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":1.0},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.5690000057220459}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W13882157","https://openalex.org/W112099983","https://openalex.org/W1518431406","https://openalex.org/W1976195354","https://openalex.org/W1977491619","https://openalex.org/W2001487918","https://openalex.org/W2083658929","https://openalex.org/W2091673436","https://openalex.org/W2098076972","https://openalex.org/W2110908300","https://openalex.org/W2113310679","https://openalex.org/W2116998925","https://openalex.org/W2121805588","https://openalex.org/W2141289698","https://openalex.org/W2147892488","https://openalex.org/W2153561032","https://openalex.org/W2340735175","https://openalex.org/W2585339290","https://openalex.org/W2618490554","https://openalex.org/W2620524678"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2165307808","https://openalex.org/W1633867058","https://openalex.org/W1977491619","https://openalex.org/W4385782119","https://openalex.org/W2154971967","https://openalex.org/W2084793134","https://openalex.org/W2010729044","https://openalex.org/W1991461395","https://openalex.org/W2737775620","https://openalex.org/W2296589314"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Government":[0],"and":[1,11,18,43,56,62,112,130,134,136,150,182,217],"advisory":[2],"agencies":[3],"have":[4],"issued":[5],"various":[6,244],"critical":[7,116],"infrastructure":[8],"protection":[9,47],"standards":[10],"best-practice":[12,280],"schemes":[13,37,76,240,281],"for":[14,197],"security-hardening":[15],"of":[16,24,31,46,73,106,109,115,124,141,153,221,238,247,277,288],"power":[17,88,129,156,269],"control":[19,60,131],"networks":[20,61],"in":[21,39,59,86],"the":[22,29,32,44,71,87,104,110,125,142,151,190,201,206,210,227,231,248,267,286,289],"wake":[23],"several":[25],"security":[26,36,57,75,107,184,199,215,239,254,265],"incidents":[27],"threatening":[28],"reliability":[30],"Power":[33,249],"Grid.":[34],"These":[35],"differ":[38],"their":[40,63],"installation":[41],"costs":[42],"degree":[45],"they":[48],"provide":[49],"against":[50],"cyber":[51,79],"attacks.":[52],"Manually":[53],"determining":[54],"vulnerabilities":[55],"risks":[58],"maintenance":[64],"procedures":[65,224],"is":[66,282],"a":[67,83,154,160,164,258,275],"cumbersome":[68],"process.":[69],"Furthermore":[70],"process":[72],"mapping":[74],"to":[77,98,194,225,241,243,252,284],"vulnerable":[78,245],"assets":[80],"each":[81],"with":[82,163,257],"unique":[84],"criticality":[85],"network":[89,251],"configuration":[90,192],"can":[91,168,233],"easily":[92],"become":[93],"intractable.":[94],"\r\nThis":[95],"research":[96],"attempts":[97],"bridge":[99],"this":[100],"gap":[101],"by":[102],"investigating":[103],"automation":[105],"assessment":[108,202],"static":[111,126],"dynamic":[113,143,219],"properties":[114],"infrastructures.":[117],"We":[118,158],"describe":[119],"first-order":[120],"logic":[121,138],"based":[122,139],"models":[123,140,172],"elements":[127,144],"including":[128],"devices,":[132],"services":[133],"connectivity,":[135],"re-writing":[137],"such":[145],"as":[146],"operating":[147],"procedure":[148],"workflows,":[149],"state":[152],"working":[155],"grid.":[157],"introduce":[159],"tool-chain":[161,232],"that,":[162],"little":[165],"manual":[166],"assistance,":[167],"automatically":[169],"generate":[170],"these":[171],"from":[173,178,187,274],"specifications,":[174],"continuously":[175],"update":[176],"attributes":[177],"online":[179],"event":[180],"aggregators,":[181],"perform":[183],"assessment.":[185],"Aside":[186],"checking":[188],"whether":[189,205],"system":[191,211,270],"conforms":[193],"recommended":[195],"best-practices":[196],"establishing":[198],"controls,":[200],"also":[203],"reveals":[204],"observed":[207],"anomalies":[208],"about":[209],"could":[212],"indicate":[213],"possible":[214],"problems":[216],"permits":[218],"ranking":[220],"alternative":[222],"recovery":[223],"minimize":[226],"total":[228],"risk.":[229],"Moreover":[230],"recommend":[234],"an":[235],"optimal":[236],"selection":[237],"apply":[242],"parts":[246],"Grid":[250],"maximize":[253],"when":[255],"faced":[256],"budget":[259],"constraint.":[260],"A":[261],"case":[262,273],"study":[263],"on":[264],"hardening":[266],"IEEE":[268],"118-bus":[271],"test":[272],"pool":[276],"five":[278],"different":[279],"used":[283],"demonstrate":[285],"feasibility":[287],"tool":[290],"chain":[291],"implementation.":[292]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T04:12:42.849631","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}