{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2276775960","doi":null,"title":"Information sharing among cops: Progress & barriers witnessed in a case study of the H.I.T.S. Program in Washington State","display_name":"Information sharing among cops: Progress & barriers witnessed in a case study of the H.I.T.S. Program in Washington State","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2276775960","mag":"2276775960"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2276775960","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Fall2008/c_johnson_112008.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065841722","display_name":"Charles L. Johnson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Charles L. Johnson","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065841722"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11076","display_name":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11076","display_name":"Policing Practices and Perceptions","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12572","display_name":"Intelligence, Security, War Strategy","score":0.00279999990016222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11838","display_name":"Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-sharing","display_name":"information sharing","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-communication","display_name":"police communication","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligence-led-policing","display_name":"intelligence-led policing","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/community-policing","display_name":"community policing","score":0.7870000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/problem-oriented-policing","display_name":"problem-oriented policing","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-legitimacy","display_name":"police legitimacy","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law-enforcement-technology","display_name":"police technology","score":0.5960000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/washington-state","display_name":"Washington State","score":0.6489999890327454}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46295352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207982","display_name":"Legitimacy","level":3,"score":0.6992068290710449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90734943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17008777","display_name":"Conceptualization","level":2,"score":0.6770683526992798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78606420","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37445","display_name":"Police science","level":3,"score":0.5537570118904114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5357564687728882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.5198555588722229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2256171","display_name":"Community policing","level":2,"score":0.5101128220558167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779453331","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q460336","display_name":"State police","level":3,"score":0.5040425658226013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.490539014339447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4839811325073242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3116431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31728","display_name":"Public administration","level":1,"score":0.47695696353912354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780510313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178706","display_name":"Institution","level":2,"score":0.44104284048080444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780587575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6875295","display_name":"Misconduct","level":2,"score":0.42994725704193115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.42361265420913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.4176481366157532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.3017551302909851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780262971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44554","display_name":"Law enforcement","level":2,"score":0.2663027048110962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102587632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117488","display_name":"Criminal justice","level":2,"score":0.1726546287536621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.12653040885925293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.08662736415863037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2276775960","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Fall2008/c_johnson_112008.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.9200000166893005,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":73,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W118617780","https://openalex.org/W226078526","https://openalex.org/W430324447","https://openalex.org/W584798268","https://openalex.org/W631533447","https://openalex.org/W1480814396","https://openalex.org/W1481225382","https://openalex.org/W1490091093","https://openalex.org/W1518176999","https://openalex.org/W1534327318","https://openalex.org/W1542471340","https://openalex.org/W1544833610","https://openalex.org/W1548744680","https://openalex.org/W1563536711","https://openalex.org/W1571192029","https://openalex.org/W1583795190","https://openalex.org/W1603770518","https://openalex.org/W1607675303","https://openalex.org/W1856244049","https://openalex.org/W1931042674","https://openalex.org/W1974118495","https://openalex.org/W1977194801","https://openalex.org/W1977395980","https://openalex.org/W1980685039","https://openalex.org/W1987735373","https://openalex.org/W1992939201","https://openalex.org/W2002849094","https://openalex.org/W2002849130","https://openalex.org/W2006374002","https://openalex.org/W2015419550","https://openalex.org/W2016061071","https://openalex.org/W2017665638","https://openalex.org/W2017764830","https://openalex.org/W2018469745","https://openalex.org/W2035645195","https://openalex.org/W2040990929","https://openalex.org/W2041905627","https://openalex.org/W2044826948","https://openalex.org/W2051393709","https://openalex.org/W2055437695","https://openalex.org/W2055513224","https://openalex.org/W2062163135","https://openalex.org/W2069256431","https://openalex.org/W2070786837","https://openalex.org/W2071872424","https://openalex.org/W2078427063","https://openalex.org/W2081068617","https://openalex.org/W2082712087","https://openalex.org/W2083638784","https://openalex.org/W2085493794","https://openalex.org/W2091578093","https://openalex.org/W2098016254","https://openalex.org/W2102550271","https://openalex.org/W2109405994","https://openalex.org/W2113021695","https://openalex.org/W2117767124","https://openalex.org/W2121470207","https://openalex.org/W2121907202","https://openalex.org/W2128175225","https://openalex.org/W2132937935","https://openalex.org/W2134904490","https://openalex.org/W2153105132","https://openalex.org/W2168871266","https://openalex.org/W2267945267","https://openalex.org/W2328899305","https://openalex.org/W2528971120","https://openalex.org/W2577044621","https://openalex.org/W2753533763","https://openalex.org/W2755448294","https://openalex.org/W2795844506","https://openalex.org/W2796638730","https://openalex.org/W2888872452","https://openalex.org/W2916974895"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6940052434","https://openalex.org/W1552588999","https://openalex.org/W6967693639","https://openalex.org/W2006654606","https://openalex.org/W7097658476","https://openalex.org/W1525684972","https://openalex.org/W6908456274","https://openalex.org/W2752611282","https://openalex.org/W1534327318","https://openalex.org/W3014887383"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"by":[0,42,50],"Charles":[1],"L.":[2],"Johnson,":[3],"Ph.D.":[4],"Washington":[5],"State":[6],"University":[7],"December":[8],"2008":[9],"Chair:":[10],"Nicholas":[11],"P.":[12],"Lovrich":[13],"Since":[14],"the":[15,18,43,46,61,64,75,91,97,111,128,147,174,177,189,200,204],"early":[16],"1800s":[17],"police":[19,92,133,139],"function":[20],"in":[21,74,94,125,169,173,208],"America":[22,209],"has":[23,58],"been":[24],"generally":[25],"categorized":[26],"under":[27,183],"four":[28],"labels\u2014professional,":[29],"standard,":[30],"community-oriented":[31],"policing":[32,36,124,151,197,207],"(COP),":[33],"and":[34,179],"problemoriented":[35],"(POP).":[37],"Each":[38],"category":[39],"is":[40,84,107,199],"characterized":[41],"role":[44,57],"of":[45,67,77,99,104,113,123,127,131,149,176,191,206],"police,":[47],"as":[48,63],"defined":[49],"those":[51,78],"responsible":[52],"for":[53],"its":[54],"administration.":[55],"The":[56,102],"changed":[59],"through":[60],"years":[62],"public":[65],"institution":[66],"\u201cthe":[68],"police\u201d":[69],"seeks":[70],"to":[71,87,108,159,167],"maintain":[72],"legitimacy":[73,172],"eyes":[76,175],"served.":[79],"Presently,":[80],"a":[81],"major":[82],"attempt":[83],"being":[85],"made":[86],"once":[88],"again":[89],"redefine":[90],"mission":[93],"line":[95],"with":[96],"concept":[98],"intelligence-led":[100],"policing.":[101],"purpose":[103],"this":[105],"study":[106],"point":[109],"out":[110],"pitfalls":[112],"abandoning":[114],"that":[115,138,154,203],"which":[116],"we":[117],"have":[118],"learned":[119],"from":[120],"previous":[121,150],"models":[122],"favor":[126],"newest":[129],"conceptualization":[130],"technologyoriented":[132],"operations.":[134],"This":[135],"project":[136],"demonstrates":[137],"administrators":[140],"not":[141],"only":[142],"can":[143],"effectively":[144],"stand":[145],"on":[146,161,211],"shoulders":[148],"models,":[152],"but":[153],"they":[155,165,185],"would":[156],"be":[157,194],"wise":[158],"build":[160],"prior":[162],"knowledge":[163],"if":[164],"are":[166],"succeed":[168],"maintaining":[170],"their":[171],"citizens":[178],"local":[180],"government":[181],"leaders":[182],"whom":[184],"work.":[186],"Woven":[187],"into":[188],"fabric":[190],"what":[192],"should":[193],"considered":[195],"best":[196],"practices":[198],"undergirding":[201],"idea":[202],"future":[205],"depends":[210],"effective":[212],"communications":[213]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:32:53.992493","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}