{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2273475847","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4141982","title":"The Fourth Amendment and New Technologies: Constitutional Myths and the Case for Caution","display_name":"The Fourth Amendment and New Technologies: Constitutional Myths and the Case for Caution","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2273475847","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4141982","mag":"2273475847"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/4141982","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4141982","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4141982","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69429964","display_name":"Michigan Law Review","issn_l":"0026-2234","issn":["0026-2234","1939-8557"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315934","host_organization_name":"University of Michigan Law School","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315934","https://openalex.org/P4310316579"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Michigan Law School","University of Michigan"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Michigan Law Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID569441_code328150.pdf?abstractid=421560","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035105281","display_name":"Orin S. Kerr","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Orin S. Kerr","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley - School of Law"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley - School of Law","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035105281"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.874,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":58,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97819164,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"102","issue":"5","first_page":"801","last_page":"801"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14493","display_name":"Criminal Law and Evidence","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14493","display_name":"Criminal Law and Evidence","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14288","display_name":"Law, Rights, and Freedoms","score":0.008299999870359898,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fourth-amendment","display_name":"Fourth Amendment","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kyllo-v-united-states","display_name":"Kyllo v. United States","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infrared-thermography","display_name":"infrared thermography","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/warrantless-searches","display_name":"warrantless searches","score":0.6679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy","display_name":"privacy","score":0.4309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technological-change","display_name":"technological change","score":0.5820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federalism","display_name":"federalism","score":0.5440000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federal-preemption","display_name":"federal preemption","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-regulatory-agencies","display_name":"state regulatory authority","score":0.5139999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/olmstead-v-united-states","display_name":"Olmstead v. United States","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/government-surveillance","display_name":"government surveillance","score":0.6919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-procedure","display_name":"criminal procedure","score":0.4950000047683716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779184190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1269627","display_name":"Amendment","level":2,"score":0.6952602863311768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519517224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12827256","display_name":"Mythology","level":2,"score":0.6661891341209412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5337669849395752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776942308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q53463","display_name":"Constitutional amendment","level":3,"score":0.5287708044052124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.5176715850830078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18650270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11206","display_name":"Constitutional law","level":2,"score":0.4273120164871216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994536602","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12616","display_name":"First amendment","level":3,"score":0.42384853959083557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.42375677824020386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.22441211342811584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776154427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7755","display_name":"Constitution","level":2,"score":0.2065357267856598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.17429015040397644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778272461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190752","display_name":"Supreme court","level":2,"score":0.1401970088481903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27206212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178","display_name":"Theology","level":1,"score":0.04364138841629028}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/4141982","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4141982","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/4141982","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69429964","display_name":"Michigan Law Review","issn_l":"0026-2234","issn":["0026-2234","1939-8557"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315934","host_organization_name":"University of Michigan Law School","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315934","https://openalex.org/P4310316579"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Michigan Law School","University of Michigan"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Michigan Law Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.law.umich.edu:mlr-1722","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr/vol102/iss5/1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064349","display_name":"bepress Legal Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Michigan Law Review","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarship.law.berkeley.edu:facpubs-4104","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/facpubs/3099","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407064349","display_name":"bepress Legal Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Faculty Scholarship","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2273475847","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID569441_code328150.pdf?abstractid=421560","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"mag:2273475847","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm/SSRN_ID569441_code328150.pdf?abstractid=421560","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7297000288963318,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W86974082","https://openalex.org/W151844362","https://openalex.org/W2764018548","https://openalex.org/W4243291775","https://openalex.org/W4255932573"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2261713874","https://openalex.org/W2022269716","https://openalex.org/W2113038016","https://openalex.org/W201709827","https://openalex.org/W305945832","https://openalex.org/W784975489","https://openalex.org/W16427580","https://openalex.org/W82422294","https://openalex.org/W1553798445","https://openalex.org/W1544104126"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"one":[1],"who":[2,320],"values":[3],"federalism,":[4],"federal":[5],"preemption":[6],"of":[7,19,55,72,132,206,252,264,300,326,332,347],"state":[8,184],"law":[9,301,310],"may":[10,151,186],"significantly":[11],"threaten":[12],"the":[13,38,51,65,73,90,98,113,117,122,127,130,153,156,168,171,174,178,197,207,228,247,250,253,256,265,282,324,344,348],"autonomy":[14],"and":[15,48,125,162,173,183,302,316,328,351],"core":[16],"regulatory":[17],"authority":[18],"The":[20,210,279],"Supreme":[21],"Court":[22],"recently":[23],"considered":[24],"whether":[25],"a1mmg":[26],"an":[27],"infrared":[28,108],"thermal":[29],"imaging":[30],"device":[31],"at":[32],"a":[33,46,106,188,215,262],"suspect's":[34],"home":[35,74],"can":[36],"violate":[37],"Fourth":[39,66,208,266,283,349],"Amendment.":[40,209],"Kyllo":[41],"v.":[42,224],"United":[43,225],"States":[44,226],"announced":[45],"new":[47,195,352],"comprehensive":[49],"rule:":[50],"government's":[52],"warrantless":[53],"use":[54],"senseenhancing":[56],"technology":[57,165,241,303,327],"that":[58,75,89,235,281],"is":[59],"\"not":[60],"in":[61,222,233,289],"general":[62],"use\"":[63],"violates":[64],"Amendment":[67,284,350],"when":[68],"it":[69],"yields":[70],"\"details":[71],"would":[76],"previously":[77],"have":[78,187],"been":[79,295],"unknowable":[80],"without":[81],"physical":[82],"intrusion.\"":[83],"Justice":[84,110,218],"Scalia's":[85],"majority":[86],"opinion":[87,154],"acknowledged":[88],"Court's":[91,118],"rule":[92,115],"was":[93],"not":[94],"needed":[95],"to":[96,120,143,236,291],"resolve":[97],"case":[99],"before":[100],"it,":[101],"which":[102],"dealt":[103],"only":[104],"with":[105,276],"crude":[107],"camera.":[109],"Scalia":[111],"justified":[112],"broad":[114,334],"on":[116,323],"need":[119],"\"take":[121],"long":[123],"view\"":[124],"protect":[126,237],"public":[128],"from":[129],"threat":[131],"other":[133],"more":[134],"nefarious":[135],"government":[136,192],"surveillance":[137],"technologies":[138,141],"-":[139],"including":[140],"yet":[142],"be":[144,201,260,286],"invented.":[145],"As":[146],"surprising":[147,277],"as":[148,240,305,313],"Kyllo's":[149],"authorship":[150],"be,":[152],"captures":[155],"prevailing":[157],"zeitgeist":[158],"about":[159],"law,":[160],"technology,":[161],"privacy.":[163],"When":[164],"threatens":[166],"privacy,":[167],"thinking":[169],"goes,":[170],"courts":[172,211],"Constitution":[175],"should":[176,285],"offer":[177],"primary":[179],"response.":[180],"While":[181],"Congress":[182],"legislatures":[185,214],"limited":[189],"role":[190],"regulating":[191],"investigations":[193],"involving":[194],"technologies,":[196],"real":[198],"work":[199],"must":[200,259],"done":[202],"by":[203,246,297],"judicial":[204],"interpretations":[205],"come":[212],"first,":[213],"distant":[216],"second.":[217],"Brandeis's":[219],"famous":[220],"dissent":[221],"Olmstead":[223],"provides":[227],"guiding":[229],"light.":[230],"Brandeis":[231],"urged":[232],"1928":[234],"our":[238],"liberties":[239],"advances,":[242],"\"every":[243],"unjustifiable":[244],"intrusion":[245],"Government":[248],"upon":[249],"privacy":[251],"individual,":[254],"whatever":[255],"means":[257],"employed,":[258],"deemed":[261],"violation":[263],"Amendment.\"":[267],"Seventy-five":[268],"years":[269],"later,":[270],"modern":[271],"commentators":[272],"echo":[273],"this":[274,342],"approach":[275,343],"uniformity.":[278],"view":[280,346],"interpreted":[287],"broadly":[288],"response":[290],"technological":[292],"change":[293],"has":[294,321],"embraced":[296],"leading":[298,308,337],"theorists":[299],"such":[304,312],"Lawrence":[306],"Lessig,":[307],"constitutional":[309],"figures":[311],"Laurence":[314],"Tribe,":[315],"nearly":[317],"everyone":[318],"else":[319],"written":[322],"intersection":[325],"criminal":[329],"procedure.":[330],"Because":[331],"its":[333],"support":[335],"among":[336],"commentators,":[338],"I":[339],"will":[340],"label":[341],"popular":[345],"technologies.":[353]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}