{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2272598545","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1230140","title":"Diminishing Returns in View of Progress in Agricultural Production","display_name":"Diminishing Returns in View of Progress in Agricultural Production","publication_year":1932,"publication_date":"1932-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2272598545","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1230140","mag":"2272598545"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/1230140","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1230140","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1230140","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210189675","display_name":"Journal of Farm Economics","issn_l":"1071-1031","issn":["1071-1031","2163-6257"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Farm Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023928854","display_name":"Theodore W. Schultz","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Theodore W. Schultz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Iowa State College ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Iowa State College ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023928854"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.19192688,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"4","first_page":"640","last_page":"640"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11805","display_name":"Agricultural economics and policies","score":0.9437999725341797,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11805","display_name":"Agricultural economics and policies","score":0.9437999725341797,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13508","display_name":"Agricultural Economics and Practices","score":0.04500000178813934,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1100","display_name":"General Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diminishing-returns","display_name":"diminishing returns","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-productivity","display_name":"agricultural productivity","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crop-production","display_name":"crop production","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iowa-agriculture","display_name":"Iowa agriculture","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/farm-population-decline","display_name":"farm population decline","score":0.878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/food-surplus","display_name":"food surplus","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-value","display_name":"land value","score":0.671999990940094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.670811116695404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776542561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q271969","display_name":"Purchasing power","level":2,"score":0.6432517766952515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159717818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837138","display_name":"Prima facie","level":2,"score":0.6173914074897766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.6006942391395569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.5993531942367554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5983937978744507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128383755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3816336","display_name":"Agricultural productivity","level":3,"score":0.5699468851089478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4718964993953705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48824518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q396340","display_name":"Agricultural economics","level":1,"score":0.40718308091163635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175605778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701","display_name":"Natural resource economics","level":1,"score":0.3812425434589386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.23067933320999146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.22640058398246765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.17801955342292786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1628342866897583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.12492653727531433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.09811246395111084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/1230140","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1230140","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1230140","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210189675","display_name":"Journal of Farm Economics","issn_l":"1071-1031","issn":["1071-1031","2163-6257"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Farm Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:oup:ajagec:v:14:y:1932:i:4:p:640-649.","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10.2307/1230140","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6735000014305115,"display_name":"Zero hunger","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4298043985","https://openalex.org/W2621652523","https://openalex.org/W7052205208","https://openalex.org/W1175763870","https://openalex.org/W3120568252","https://openalex.org/W2342931877","https://openalex.org/W1492319128","https://openalex.org/W6926177613","https://openalex.org/W879406716","https://openalex.org/W289102953"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Although":[0],"the":[1,31,58,63,66,76,87,96,103,106,108,120,125,130,155,161,168,178,181,186,197,200,210,217,249,254,259,262,270,274,283],"State":[2],"of":[3,30,34,41,57,60,62,65,78,81,95,98,102,105,122,129,132,154,158,180,202,220,235,238,256,261,265,277],"Iowa":[4,35,51,82],"was":[5],"fully":[6],"settled":[7],"by":[8,273],"1890,":[9],"it":[10,139],"has":[11,47,190,205,213],"since":[12,258],"then":[13],"doubled":[14],"its":[15,114],"crop":[16,83,275],"production,":[17],"notwithstanding":[18],"a":[19,54,79],"20":[20],"per":[21],"cent":[22],"decline":[23,211],"in":[24,50,119,152,164,192,199,216],"farm":[25,32,159,165],"population.2":[26],"The":[27],"increased":[28],"productivity":[29],"people":[33],"is,":[36,118],"I":[37,72,244],"believe,":[38],"an":[39],"instance":[40],"general":[42],"significance":[43],"for":[44,174],"undoubtedly":[45],"what":[46],"taken":[48,214],"place":[49,215],"is":[52,138,269],"to":[53,74,90,113,141,149,227,247,281],"degree":[55],"characteristic":[56],"development":[59],"much":[61],"agriculture":[64,144,179],"United":[67],"States.":[68],"In":[69],"this":[70,278],"paper":[71],"want":[73],"give":[75],"results":[77],"study":[80,107],"production":[84,166],"and":[85,167,195,208,285],"as":[86,145],"subject":[88,148],"indicates,":[89],"comment":[91],"upon":[92,143],"certain":[93],"aspects":[94],"phenomenon":[97],"diminishing":[99,133,150,239],"returns.":[134],"Because":[101],"nature":[104],"discussion":[109],"will":[110],"be":[111],"restricted":[112],"secular":[115],"interpretation":[116,288],"which":[117,172,268,289],"opinion":[121],"many":[123],"economists,":[124],"most":[126],"important":[127],"phase":[128],"law":[131],"We":[135],"might":[136],"ask":[137],"reasonable":[140],"look":[142],"being":[146],"peculiarly":[147],"returns":[151],"view":[153],"greater":[156],"efficiency":[157],"people,":[160],"technical":[162],"developments":[163],"resultant":[169],"food":[170],"surpluses":[171],"have":[173,226],"some":[175],"time":[176,189],"depressed":[177],"world?":[182],"When":[183],"we":[184,224],"consider":[185],"changes":[187],"that":[188,204,212,229],"wrought":[191],"farming":[193],"methods":[194],"note":[196],"increase":[198],"area":[201],"land":[203,221],"become":[206],"submarginal":[207],"observe":[209],"purchasing":[218],"power":[219],"values,":[222],"do":[223],"not":[225,253],"conclude":[228],"these":[230],"are":[231],"prima":[232],"facie":[233],"evidences":[234],"increasing":[236],"instead":[237],"returns?":[240],"More":[241],"specifically,":[242],"however,":[243],"should":[245],"like":[246],"raise":[248],"question":[250],"whether":[251],"or":[252],"experience":[255],"agriculture,":[257],"appearance":[260],"first":[263],"edition":[264],"Marshall's":[266],"Principles,":[267],"period":[271],"covered":[272],"statistics":[276],"study,":[279],"tends":[280],"invalidate":[282],"admirable":[284],"well":[286],"qualified":[287]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}