{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2268207114","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyv344","title":"Commentary: By and for clinicians: the early years of Framingham","display_name":"Commentary: By and for clinicians: the early years of Framingham","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2268207114","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyv344","mag":"2268207114","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26705415"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/ije/dyv344","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyv344","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyv344","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13389975","display_name":"International Journal of Epidemiology","issn_l":"0300-5771","issn":["0300-5771","1464-3685"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Epidemiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"editorial","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077659049","display_name":"Robert Aronowitz","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Robert A Aronowitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["History & Sociology of Science, University of Pennsylvania, 249 S. 36th Street, room 324, Philadelphia, PA 19066, USA. E-mail: aronowit@wharton.upenn.edu"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"History & Sociology of Science, University of Pennsylvania, 249 S. 36th Street, room 324, Philadelphia, PA 19066, USA. E-mail: aronowit@wharton.upenn.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077659049"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"apc_list":{"value":3423,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":4514},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":"6","first_page":"1781","last_page":"1784"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14043","display_name":"Historical and modern epidemiology studies","score":0.447299987077713,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14043","display_name":"Historical and modern epidemiology studies","score":0.447299987077713,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13522","display_name":"Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors","score":0.3118000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12935","display_name":"Healthcare Systems and Public Health","score":0.08990000188350677,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/framingham-heart-study","display_name":"Framingham Heart Study","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronary-risk-factors","display_name":"coronary risk factors","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-epidemiology","display_name":"history of epidemiology","score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/national-heart-institute","display_name":"National Heart Institute","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cohort-studies","display_name":"cohort studies","score":0.3269999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-cardiology","display_name":"history of cardiology","score":0.4129999876022339}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5604060888290405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111815664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1440693","display_name":"Framingham Heart Study","level":4,"score":0.4806210398674011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74909509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10387","display_name":"Gerontology","level":1,"score":0.34107500314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11783203","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5478027","display_name":"Framingham Risk Score","level":3,"score":0.3267936408519745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.1377900242805481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.12812787294387817}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003327","descriptor_name":"Coronary Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006973","descriptor_name":"Hypertension","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008404","descriptor_name":"Massachusetts","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012307","descriptor_name":"Risk Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013223","descriptor_name":"Statistics as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015994","descriptor_name":"Incidence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016021","descriptor_name":"Epidemiologic Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017379","descriptor_name":"Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D035843","descriptor_name":"Biomedical Research","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D049673","descriptor_name":"History, 20th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D050177","descriptor_name":"Overweight","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/ije/dyv344","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyv344","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyv344","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S13389975","display_name":"International Journal of Epidemiology","issn_l":"0300-5771","issn":["0300-5771","1464-3685"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Epidemiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:26705415","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26705415","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of epidemiology","raw_type":"Historical Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.6240000128746033}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1948157591","https://openalex.org/W2011819931","https://openalex.org/W2029779204","https://openalex.org/W2062199894","https://openalex.org/W2090443364","https://openalex.org/W2105257626","https://openalex.org/W2118745042","https://openalex.org/W2163853417","https://openalex.org/W2168453770","https://openalex.org/W2416359871","https://openalex.org/W4244832539"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2072823693","https://openalex.org/W1973112662","https://openalex.org/W2068939078","https://openalex.org/W2079199018","https://openalex.org/W1982822210","https://openalex.org/W6907138462","https://openalex.org/W2207410364","https://openalex.org/W7140275062","https://openalex.org/W2014328564","https://openalex.org/W2298311463"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"20":[0],"years":[1,536,1979,2375],"ago,":[2],"Thomas":[3],"\u2018Ray\u2019":[4],"Dawber":[5,21,167,226,443,471,626,808,891,944,1002,1033,1128,1152,1372,1902,2055,2095,2132,2231,2343],"(1913\u20132005),":[6],"the":[7,11,26,37,57,95,148,153,182,202,211,222,228,262,271,299,318,344,349,357,404,416,427,450,511,518,531,598,603,616,628,641,657,696,787,817,842,854,864,882,896,919,923,935,948,974,985,1004,1105,1111,1156,1164,1185,1202,1228,1237,1249,1252,1258,1265,1280,1301,1305,1356,1361,1365,1369,1376,1379,1393,1398,1412,1452,1480,1494,1500,1518,1545,1589,1722,1805,1822,1832,1848,1933,1964,1996,2004,2067,2104,2128,2262,2267,2299,2310,2350,2373,2409,2468,2490,2543,2569,2616,2632,2644,2671,2684,2710,2731,2807,2814,2822,2826,2841,2870,2880,2891],"lead":[8,234],"author":[9],"of":[10,25,42,56,67,100,151,155,184,206,224,264,359,388,406,426,430,439,468,496,503,510,514,533,537,554,602,623,645,659,682,698,768,792,844,878,976,1018,1067,1072,1125,1174,1236,1251,1257,1279,1298,1304,1318,1364,1368,1378,1382,1395,1400,1454,1486,1496,1544,1592,1606,1675,1691,1695,1756,1777,1780,1850,1856,1873,1898,1948,1957,1967,1980,1988,1998,2069,2108,2168,2184,2204,2212,2304,2362,2441,2456,2470,2509,2518,2551,2582,2588,2631,2646,2673,2713,2722,2744,2752,2777,2810,2825,2843,2854,2873,2882,2896,2954],"report":[12,1773],"reprinted":[13],"here,":[14],"and":[15,39,51,69,83,91,125,137,140,173,197,204,210,259,306,309,312,420,456,462,493,517,540,580,619,627,637,647,653,662,670,703,705,713,728,750,778,829,892,901,909,945,1016,1021,1246,1254,1283,1290,1346,1349,1373,1388,1514,1563,1639,1684,1787,1791,1808,1836,1866,1903,1911,1924,1931,1995,2046,2086,2119,2199,2254,2324,2326,2344,2365,2386,2397,2414,2423,2427,2431,2450,2473,2493,2516,2520,2526,2545,2561,2580,2594,2635,2648,2666,2689,2692,2708,2723,2750,2760,2763,2771,2793,2799,2804,2835,2851,2869,2909,2918,2934,2946,2949],"William":[16],"Kannel":[17,1030,1374,1794,2345],"(1923\u20132011),":[18],"who":[19,355,364,423,884,1168,1271,1354,1813,1876,1916,2389],"succeeded":[20],"as":[22,120,546,548,610,966,968,1046,1197,1199,1651,1825,1854,2016,2487,2489,2642,2730,2902,2904,2906],"Principal":[23],"Investigator":[24],"Framingham":[27,185,248,278,363,607,629,798,1027,1158,1223,1281,1306,1577,1598,1650,1659,1736,1738,1907,2315,2332,2715,2828],"Heart":[28,215,563],"Study,":[29],"were":[30,415,424,474,639,650,736,800,992,1010,1022,1225,1358,1420,1727,1798,1814,2150],"eager":[31],"to":[32,108,147,235,296,315,366,369,385,454,460,476,656,668,694,722,746,815,824,832,837,849,856,876,881,932,943,962,1012,1079,1100,1118,1150,1274,1408,1430,1435,1504,1532,1552,1698,1705,1709,1730,1735,1767,1800,1816,1985,2025,2062,2066,2081,2126,2193,2217,2242,2247,2283,2309,2437,2445,2481,2528,2706,2719,2725,2739,2939],"talk":[33,723],"with":[34,47,195,343,381,530,819,934,1088,1153,1268,1334,1424,1468,1630,1644,1649,1681,1775,1804,1811,2012,2358,2495],"me":[35],"about":[36,237,724,859,1506,1714,1963,2103,2349,2539,2875,2929],"origins":[38,1647,1824],"early":[40,106,1157,1663,1969,2714,2827],"reception":[41],"Framingham,":[43,74],"which":[44,783,1019,1205,1585,2091,2163,2353,2442,2465,2536],"continues":[45],"today":[46],"new":[48,494],"descendants,":[49],"hypotheses":[50],"methods,":[52],"even":[53],"though":[54],"few":[55,1560,1565,2915],"original":[58,1291],"subjects":[59,1745],"are":[60,813,873,982,2201,2443,2477,2677,2695],"still":[61,1951,2478,2769],"living.":[62],"1,2,3":[63],"The":[64,410,1070,1326,1771,1945,2223,2399,2549,2577,2833],"main":[65],"thrust":[66],"Dawber\u2019s":[68,539],"Kannel\u2019s":[70],"recollections":[71],"was":[72,168,293,323,566,592,744,770,796,1039,1086,1206,1391,1442,1474,1603,1610,1620,1640,1838,1950,2023,2040,2060,2164,2235],"that":[73,128,231,252,260,347,445,570,614,632,734,742,764,797,811,821,872,912,1009,1032,1040,1081,1141,1184,1227,1264,1314,1470,1499,1515,1521,1541,1569,1601,1623,1719,1743,1796,1869,1906,1941,1977,2048,2057,2175,2208,2214,2233,2249,2597,2618,2629,2765,2795,2811],"although":[75,557,2624],"cited":[76],"for":[77,87,92,126,285,298,853,916,1179,1417,1554,1558,2084,2111,2366,2401,2463,2530,2546,2836,2863,2893],"its":[78,1093,1631,2027,2034],"historical":[79],"role":[80,2645],"in":[81,145,158,163,170,189,247,254,281,303,362,412,498,672,709,766,830,841,927,1025,1075,1113,1146,1332,1360,1451,1493,1568,1661,2003,2050,2073,2295,2298,2372,2394,2411,2503,2535,2590,2604,2638,2734,2737,2754,2773,2781],"identifying":[82],"legitimising":[84],"risk":[85,1402,1428,2107,2148,2245,2368,2402,2505,2540,2583,2622,2687,2787,2815,2876,2940],"factors":[86,2149,2941],"coronary":[88,660,725,730,740,1613,2143],"heart":[89,266,685,726,1089,2105,2652],"disease":[90,157,727,752,1090,1367,1615,2106,2207,2418],"being":[93,969,1233,2363],"perhaps":[94],"first":[96,447,1023,1910,2312],"large":[97,432,2379],"cohort":[98],"study":[99,123,194,229,273,319,352,1229,1253,1292,2438],"chronic":[101,156],"disease,":[102,686,732],"did":[103,449,571,581,1405,1448,1579,1665],"not":[104,245,491,572,582,729,737,785,874,1392,1421,1580,1666,1729,1747,1878,2818,2878],"appear":[105,246,1313],"on":[107,677,870,947,1095,1241,1342,1525,1539,1863,2029,2036,2130,2172,2227,2269,2848],"be":[109,386,786,877,914,963,1013,1119,1879,1884,1983,2001,2127,2347,2524,2802],"so":[110,230,392,1139,1498,1868,2041,2236,2586],"groundbreaking":[111],"either":[112],"substantively":[113],"or":[114,586,757,1669,1733,1761,2574],"methodologically.":[115],"4":[116],"Rather,":[117,2886],"it":[118,232,383,400,591,743,851,860,977,996,1135,1142,1200,1311,1472,1522,1572,1763,2039,2278,2625,2704],"began":[119],"a":[121,159,193,287,324,465,499,593,845,1047,1101,1123,1176,1234,1276,1296,1315,1459,1526,1559,1564,1595,1604,1621,1627,1635,1652,1765,1826,1972,2087,2142,2166,2182,2195,2210,2292,2507,2531,2566,2609,2914,2922],"well-funded":[122],"by":[124,134,283,327,340,574,597,606,688,899,918,1092,1122,1243,1286,1642,1844,2044,2314,2331,2378,2559,2572],"clinicians":[127,634,2045],"would":[129,244,523,774,780,954,1189,1312,1889,1909,1920,2187,2346,2523,2612],"test":[130],"observations":[131],"already":[132],"made":[133,1960,2096,2225,2571,2928],"experienced":[135],"doctors":[136],"whose":[138,2147,2947],"methodology":[139],"goals":[141],"evolved":[142],"over":[143,181,534],"time":[144,311,604],"response":[146,2738],"practical":[149],"challenges":[150],"studying":[152],"appearance":[154],"large,":[160],"free-living":[161],"population":[162,433,1230,1282],"mid-century":[164,1757],"America.":[165,1759],"5":[166,1029,1858],"trained":[169],"internal":[171],"medicine":[172,1348,1536,2352,2553,2676],"had":[174,279,836,1294,1439,1625,1634,1840,2092,2125,2136,2141,2181,2355,2541],"no":[175,691,1043,1144,1741],"formal":[176],"epidemiological":[177,2064,2120],"training":[178],"before":[179],"taking":[180],"leadership":[183],"from":[186,221,559,1248,1336,1355,1411,2568,2620,2656,2662,2686],"Gilcin":[187],"Meadors":[188],"1951.":[190],"He":[191,506,1061],"inherited":[192],"varied":[196],"vaguely":[198],"articulated":[199],"goals.":[200],"With":[201],"advice":[203],"support":[205],"prominent":[207],"clinical":[208,543,600,621,674,706,794,1328,1958,1965,2058,2079,2240,2482,2659,2668,2711,2766,2829,2884,2898],"advisers":[209,220,608,630],"newly":[212],"established":[213],"National":[214],"Institute":[216],"(NHI),":[217],"including":[218],"statistical":[219,575,1790,2432],"Office":[223],"Biometry,":[225],"shifted":[227],"might":[233,1586],"insights":[236,911,2065,2121,2246,2311,2637],"\u2018factors\u2019":[238],"(the":[239,937,958],"noun":[240],"compound":[241],"\u2018risk":[242,2605],"factors\u2019":[243],"publications":[249],"until":[250,317],"1961)":[251],"physicians":[253,1567,1782,1914],"practice":[255,827,1837,2464],"could":[256,635,913,1194,1746,1877,1883,2000,2153,2276],"readily":[257],"identify":[258],"predicted":[261],"development":[263],"\u2018arteriosclerotic":[265],"disease\u2019":[267],"(ASHD).":[268],"6":[269],"Although":[270,2021,2813],"1957":[272,1077,1772],"reported":[274],"4-year":[275],"follow-up":[276],"data,":[277,1055],"been":[280,337,402,1295,1323,1626,2291,2336,2376,2435,2555],"existence":[282],"then":[284,2910],"almost":[286,979],"decade.":[288],"Before":[289],"this":[290,408,413,431,1076,1098,1427,1656,2173,2190,2215,2270,2305,2339,2359,2782],"report,":[291],"there":[292,1041,1547,1602,1609,2289],"very":[294,300,1481],"little":[295,1186],"show":[297,1080],"substantial":[301],"investments":[302],"NIH":[304,418,469,1244,1269],"money":[305,1550,2083,2226],"investigator,":[307],"staff":[308,1159,1725,1781],"community":[310,1707,1842],"effort.":[313],"Waiting":[314],"publish":[316],"produced":[320],"significant":[321,479,620,907,965,971],"results":[322,437,522,1908],"conscious":[325],"strategy":[326],"NHI":[328],"director":[329],"Cassius":[330],"James":[331],"Van":[332,373],"Slyke":[333,374],"(whose":[334],"reputation":[335],"has":[336,384,401,1117,1143,2192,2290,2371,2404,2554],"seriously":[338],"tarnished":[339],"his":[341,1207,2077],"association":[342],"ethical":[345],"travesty":[346],"constituted":[348],"Guatemalan":[350],"syphilis":[351],"7":[353],"),":[354],"restrained":[356],"\u2018bunch":[358],"younger":[360],"guys\u2019":[361],"\u2018wanted":[365],"write":[367],"papers\u2019":[368],"advance":[370],"their":[371,551,710,793,1715,1918,2690],"careers.":[372],"believed":[375,1386],"\u2018that":[376],"when":[377,393,2717],"you":[378,773,779,812,835,862,868,981,1051,1056,1193,1438,1530,1818,2135,2152,2186],"come":[379],"out":[380,1121,1173,1769],"something,":[382],"enough":[387,839,1054,1059,1549],"an":[389,440,567,1181,2205],"earth":[390,441],"shaker":[391],"they":[394,398,473,991,1083,1415,1702,1975,2275,2281,2354,2497],"look":[395],"at":[396,463,739,940,1940,2144,2238,2565],"it,":[397,1133],"say":[399,1131],"worth":[403,2627],"expenditure":[405],"all":[407,2697],"money\u2019.":[409],"\u2018they\u2019":[411],"case":[414,843],"many":[417,2485,2504],"administrators":[419],"laboratory":[421,585,1339],"scientists":[422,1340],"sceptical":[425],"scientific":[428],"value":[429,880],"experiment.":[434],"Were":[435],"these":[436,525,648,1211,1220,1662,1968,2007,2200,2887],"\u2018enough":[438],"shaker\u2019?":[442],"recollected":[444],"\u2018the":[446,1170,1870],"publication":[448],"thing\u2019,":[451],"leading":[452],"quickly":[453],"lay":[455],"medical":[457,1937,1946,2328],"citations,":[458],"invitations":[459],"speak":[461],"least":[464],"temporary":[466],"diminution":[467],"scepticism.":[470],"felt":[472,1263,1905],"\u2018lucky\u2019":[475],"find":[477,2703],"some":[478,1017,1582,1744,1992,2157,2392,2824],"associations":[480],"among":[481,1917],"hypertension,":[482,1096],"left":[483],"ventricular":[484],"hypertrophy,":[485],"overweight,":[486],"high":[487,1460],"cholesterol":[488,1461],"levels":[489],"(but":[490],"smoking)":[492,1930,2323],"cases":[495],"ASHD":[497,555,2030],"post-hoc":[500],"determined":[501],"subgroup":[502],"elderly":[504],"men.":[505],"evoked":[507],"\u2018luck\u2019":[508],"because":[509,1134,1471,2006],"small":[512],"number":[513,2842],"absolute":[515],"events":[516],"uncertainty":[519,2515],"whether":[520],"longer-term":[521],"corroborate":[524],"initial":[526],"findings.":[527],"1":[528,1001,1148,1576,2286],"But":[529],"benefit":[532],"50":[535],"hindsight,":[538],"colleagues\u2019":[541],"relentless":[542],"focus":[544,2830],"seems":[545],"important":[547],"luck.":[549],"Take":[550],"crucial":[552],"endpoint":[553],"which,":[556],"adapted":[558],"New":[560],"York":[561],"State":[562],"Association":[564],"criteria,":[565],"innovative":[568],"category":[569,711],"arise":[573],"manipulations":[576],"like":[577,1104],"factor":[578,847,1403,1429,2159],"analysis":[579,1897],"privilege":[583],"\u2018objective\u2019":[584],"electrocar-diogram":[587],"(EKG)":[588],"criteria.":[589],"Instead,":[590,2452],"predetermined":[594],"construct,":[595],"informed":[596,2491],"best":[599,1216],"wisdom":[601],"(dispensed":[605],"such":[609,1044,1989,2641,2729,2901],"Paul":[611],"Dudley":[612],"White),":[613],"captured":[615],"most":[617,642,1171,2440,2633],"reliable":[618,2634],"consequences":[622],"underlying":[624,2206],"ASHD.":[625,1593],"understood":[631,1479,2056],"what":[633,1082,1214,1218,1425,1441,1507,2228,2745,2778],"measure":[636],"see":[638],"only":[640,651,993,1519,2031],"external":[643],"manifestations":[644,649,2203],"ASHD,":[646],"indirectly":[652],"stochastically":[654],"related":[655],"pathophysiology":[658],"atherosclerosis":[661,2198],"thrombus":[663],"formation.":[664],"This":[665,930,1618,1886],"apprehension":[666],"led":[667,931],"caution":[669,2935],"humility":[671,2933],"interpreting":[673],"findings":[675,1584,2333],"(e.g.":[676,2321],"p.":[678],"11,":[679],"\u2018The":[680,805],"difficulty":[681],"diagnosing":[683],"arteriosclerotic":[684],"underestimated":[687],"some,":[689],"will":[690,1982],"doubt":[692],"continue":[693],"obscure":[695],"evaluation":[697,2454],"causal":[699],"relationships\u2019":[700],"8":[701],")":[702],"creativity":[704],"common":[707,2899],"sense":[708,2721],"making":[712],"communications.":[714],"\u2018In":[715],"our":[716,1476,2674],"deliberations,":[717],"we":[718,735,762,1447,1464,2017,2229,2602,2942],"have":[719,838,1053,1058,1322,1458,1503,1531,1587,1801,2194,2334,2391,2434,2584,2654,2877,2889],"tried":[720],"carefully":[721,1860],"artery":[731,1614],"recognizing":[733],"looking":[738],"arteries,":[741],"possible":[745,2907],"walk":[747],"around":[748,1551],"two-":[749],"three-vessel":[751],"without":[753],"any":[754,879,1191,1710],"measurable":[755],"symptoms":[756],"signs,\u2019":[758],"observed":[759],"Kannel.":[760],"\u2018Therefore,":[761],"thought":[763],"precision":[765],"definitions":[767],"criteria":[769],"important.":[771,2337],"Otherwise,":[772],"get":[775,781,1449],"confusing":[776],"issues":[777],"implications":[782,1966],"may":[784,1321],"truth.\u2019":[788],"2":[789,1069,1222,1820],"Another":[790],"aspect":[791],"orientation":[795,1329],"investigators":[799,1224,1578,1660,1739,1961,2573,2716],"more":[801,1005,1434,1752,2097,2657,2679],"result":[802],"than":[803,1616,1754,2114,2408,2661,2681],"method-oriented.":[804],"final":[806],"objective,\u2019":[807],"recollected,":[809,1129],"\u2018was,":[810],"going":[814,823,875,1815,2265,2819],"supply":[816],"doctor":[818,855],"information":[820,1713,1862],"is":[822,885,978,997,1042,1137,1209,1509,1516,1523,2052,2307,2316,2626,2746,2748,2768,2779,2784,2817],"help":[825,1817,1913],"him":[826,1196,2221],"medicine\u2026.":[828],"order":[831],"do":[833,857,2277],"that,":[834],"strength":[840],"given":[846],"\u2026":[848,861,972,988,2222,2259],"make":[850,1491,2082,2720],"worthwhile":[852],"something":[858,1138,1540],"destroy":[863],"whole":[865,897,986],"message":[866],"if":[867,973,1437,1894,2179,2280],"concentrate":[869],"things":[871],"guy":[883,2191],"doing":[886,1537,2774],"it.\u2019":[887],"At":[888],"every":[889],"stage,":[890],"colleagues":[893,1904],"avoided":[894],"\u2018destroying":[895],"message\u2019":[898],"seeking":[900],"reporting":[902,1655],"clinically":[903,964,1711,2855],"rather":[904,1433],"just":[905,983,1573,2202],"statistically":[906,970,999],"associations,":[908],"framing":[910],"used":[915,2076],"decisions":[917,2506,2570],"study\u2019s":[920,1823],"\u2018end":[921],"user,\u2019":[922],"(presumed":[924],"male)":[925],"clinician":[926,1687,2410],"private":[928,1692,1749,2412],"practice.":[929],"conflict":[933,1333],"offsite":[936],"biometricians":[938,1245],"worked":[939],"NIH),":[941],"and,":[942],"others":[946],"ground,":[949],"often":[950,2390,2479,2501,2512,2678,2696],"out-of-touch":[951],"statisticians.":[952],"\u2018I":[953],"keep":[955],"telling":[956],"them":[957,1242,1273,1331,1390,1407,2019],"biometricians),":[959],"it\u2019s":[960],"got":[961,1169],"well":[967,2189,2488],"impact":[975,1094,1145,1485,2035],"zero,":[980],"destroying":[984],"effect":[987,1303],".":[989],"but":[990,1385,1432,1463,1991,2318,2484],"concerned":[994,1423],"about,":[995,2908],"highly":[998],"significant.\u2019":[1000],"mistrusted":[1003],"complicated,":[1006],"multivariate":[1007],"models":[1008],"soon":[1011],"standard":[1014],"tools":[1015,2433],"arose":[1020,1720],"applied":[1024],"later":[1026,1596,1891,1929],"publications.":[1028],"recalled":[1031,1795,2232],"\u2018was":[1034],"always":[1035],"suspicious.":[1036],"His":[1037],"attitude":[1038],"thing":[1045],"free":[1048],"lunch.":[1049],"If":[1050,1529],"don't":[1052,1057,2219],"data.":[1060],"much":[1062,1611,2303,2406,2630,2905],"preferred":[1063],"categorical":[1064],"cross-classification":[1065],"types":[1066,2895],"analyses.\u2019":[1068],"use":[1071,1190,2912],"simple":[1073],"stratification":[1074],"paper":[1078,1099],"called":[1084,1155],"fatness":[1085,2022],"associated":[1087],"mostly":[1091],"dates":[1097],"bygone":[1102],"era,":[1103],"way":[1106,1520,1952],"rotary":[1107],"telephones":[1108],"instantly":[1109],"signal":[1110],"past":[1112],"movies.":[1114],"\u2018If":[1115,2134],"anything":[1116,1538],"found":[1120],"lot":[1124,2196],"elaborate":[1126],"statistics\u2019,":[1127],"\u2018I'd":[1130],"forget":[1132],"probably":[1136],"minuscule":[1140],"reality\u2019.":[1147],"According":[1149],"Kannel,":[1151],"pride":[1154],"\u2018little":[1160],"league":[1161,1166,1187],"epidemiologists\u2019,":[1162],"unlike":[1163],"big":[1165,1527,2663],"ones":[1167],"gratification":[1172],"producing":[1175],"good":[1177],"model":[1178,1192,1215],"examining":[1180],"issue.":[1182],"And":[1183,1821,2670],"begrudgingly":[1188],"give":[1195],"long":[1198,1778],"investigated":[1201],"substantive":[1203],"issue":[1204],"interest\u2014what":[1208],"killing":[1210],"people.":[1212],"Not":[1213],"predicts":[1217],"kills":[1219],"people.\u2019":[1221],"nonplussed":[1226],"ended":[1231],"up":[1232,1803,1810,1847],"combination":[1235],"random":[1238],"sample":[1239,1278],"urged":[1240,1272],"volunteers":[1247,1293],"outset":[1250],"family":[1255,1288,1865],"members":[1256,1289],"drawn":[1259],"sample.":[1260],"They":[1261,1478],"ultimately":[1262],"lengthy":[1266],"disputes":[1267],"statisticians":[1270],"create":[1275],"representative":[1277],"refuse":[1284],"participation":[1285,1843],"recruits\u2019":[1287],"waste":[1297],"time.":[1299],"\u2018Since":[1300],"major":[1302],"Study":[1307],"involved":[1308],"in-group":[1309],"comparisons,":[1310],"great":[1316],"deal":[1317],"unnecessary":[1319],"effort":[1320,1676,1981],"expended.\u2019":[1324],"9":[1325,1882],"investigators\u2019":[1327],"put":[1330],"critics":[1335],"opposing":[1337],"directions:":[1338],"focused":[1341],"reductionist":[1343],"pathophysiological":[1344],"mechanisms":[1345,2948],"social":[1347,1380,1590,2599],"population-oriented":[1350],"public":[1351,1483,1699,1827],"health":[1352,1484,1700,1717,1828,1871,2014,2865],"workers":[1353],"beginning":[1357],"interested":[1359,1450],"non-individual":[1362],"determinants":[1363,1381,1591],"mass":[1366],"20th":[1370],"century.":[1371],"recognized":[1375],"importance":[1377,2881],"individual":[1383,2070,2761,2883],"behaviour,":[1384],"finding":[1387],"modelling":[1389],"job":[1394],"Framingham.":[1396,1770],"Nevertheless,":[1397],"challenge":[1399],"explaining":[1401],"distribution":[1404],"entice":[1406],"stray":[1409],"occasionally":[1410],"narrow":[1413],"path":[1414],"prescribed":[1416],"themselves.":[1418],"\u2018We":[1419],"primarily":[1422],"caused":[1426],"develop,":[1431],"observe":[1436],"this,":[1440],"your":[1443],"risk.":[1444,2742],"Sure":[1445],"enough,":[1446],"question":[1453],"why":[1455],"does":[1456],"somebody":[1457],"level,":[1462],"weren't":[1465],"specifically":[1466],"charged":[1467],"investigating":[1469,2864],"really":[1473,1517,2796],"beyond":[1475,2266],"scope.\u2019":[1477],"limited":[1482,1935,1955],"individual-focused":[1487],"knowledge.":[1488,2812],"\u2018You":[1489],"can":[1490,2800],"changes":[1492],"production":[1495,2370,2538,2789],"food":[1497],"patient":[1501],"doesn't":[1502,1574],"think":[1505],"he":[1508,2075,2180,2234],"eating;":[1510],"that's":[1511],"real":[1512],"effective":[1513,1524],"scale.":[1528],"depend":[1533],"upon":[1534],"preventive":[1535],"involves":[1542],"30\u201340%":[1543],"population,":[1546],"isn't":[1548],"pay":[1553],"that.":[1555],"So":[1556],"except":[1557],"wealthy":[1561],"people":[1562,1812],"well-trained":[1566],"particular":[1570,2395],"thing,":[1571],"work.\u2019":[1575],"pursue":[1581,1667],"tantalizing":[1583],"illuminated":[1588],"In":[1594,1971],"study,":[1597],"authors":[1599],"noted":[1600,1976],"precinct":[1605],"town":[1607,1629],"where":[1608,1831],"less":[1612],"expected.":[1617],"area":[1619],"neighbourhood":[1622,1668],"once":[1624],"separate":[1628],"own":[1632,2078],"name,":[1633],"lower":[1636],"educational":[1637],"level":[1638],"peopled":[1641],"immigrants":[1643],"different":[1645,2457,2532,2610,2894],"national":[1646],"compared":[1648],"whole.":[1653],"Despite":[1654,2338],"aggregate":[1657,2244,2758],"association,":[1658],"decades":[1664,1890],"other":[1670,2667],"population-level":[1671],"determinants.":[1672],"10":[1673],"Years":[1674],"went":[1677],"into":[1678,2161,2461,2821],"building":[1679],"ties":[1680],"local":[1682,1806],"hospitals":[1683,1807],"physicians.":[1685],"As":[1686],"researchers":[1688,1726,2385],"fully":[1689],"aware":[1690],"practitioners\u2019":[1693],"fears":[1694],"losing":[1696],"patients":[1697,1919,2047,2449,2492],"clinics,":[1701],"took":[1703,2252],"pains":[1704],"alert":[1706],"practitioners":[1708],"actionable":[1712,2636,2849],"patients\u2019":[1716],"status":[1718,1872],"during":[1721],"study.":[1723],"Similarly,":[1724],"told":[1728],"recommend":[1731],"work-ups":[1732],"treatments":[1734],"subjects.":[1737],"voiced":[1740],"worries":[1742],"afford":[1748],"physicians,":[1750],"reflecting":[1751],"idealization":[1753],"reality":[1755],"small-town":[1758],"Idealized":[1760],"not,":[1762],"\u2018took":[1764],"village\u2019":[1766],"carry":[1768],"ends":[1774],"acknowledgment":[1776],"lists":[1779],"(including":[1783],"Kannel),":[1784],"consultants,":[1785],"nurses":[1786],"laboratory,":[1788],"technical,":[1789],"\u2018other\u2019":[1792],"personnel.":[1793],"\u2018we":[1797],"smart":[1799],"tied":[1802,1809],"out.\u2019":[1819],"demonstration":[1829],"project,":[1830],"boundary":[1833],"between":[1834,2757],"research":[1835,2429],"blurred,":[1839],"encouraged":[1841],"initially":[1845],"holding":[1846],"promise":[1849],"individuals":[1851,2109,2248],"receiving":[1852],"care":[1853,2068],"part":[1855],"participation.":[1857],"Investigators":[1859],"recorded":[1861],"subjects\u2019":[1864],"friends":[1867],"each":[1874],"person":[1875],"reached":[1880],"directly\u2019":[1881],"determined.":[1885],"record":[1887],"keeping":[1888],"allow":[1892],"sophisticated":[1893,2426],"problematic,":[1895],"network":[1896],"\u2018social":[1899],"contagion.\u2019":[1900],"11":[1901],"foremost":[1912],"predict":[1915],"likely":[1921,2808],"develop":[1922],"CHD":[1923,2296],"suggest":[1925],"lifestyle":[1926,1993,2319],"change":[1927,2320,2945],"(diet,":[1928],"guide":[1932],"one":[1934,2534],"\u2018risk\u2019":[1936],"intervention":[1938],"do-able":[1939],"time,":[1942],"hypertension":[1943,1999],"management.":[1944],"treatment":[1947,1997],"hypercholesterolaemia":[1949],"off.":[1953],"These":[1954,2858],"avenues":[1956],"interventions":[1959,2688],"cautious":[1962],"results.":[1970],"1961":[1973],"publication,":[1974],"\u2018many":[1978],"required":[1984],"establish":[1986],"proof":[1987],"efforts\u2019":[1990],"modification":[1994],"adopted":[2002],"interim":[2005],"measures":[2008],"\u2018are":[2009],"perfectly":[2010],"consistent":[2011],"acceptable":[2013],"practices":[2015,2396],"understand":[2018],"today\u2019.":[2020],"shown":[2024],"exert":[2026],"influence":[2028],"indirectly,":[2032],"via":[2033],"blood":[2037],"pressure,":[2038],"easily":[2042],"identifiable":[2043],"\u2018reduction":[2049],"weight":[2051],"advisable\u2019":[2053],"12":[2054],"judgement":[2059,2767],"needed":[2061],"translate":[2063],"patients.":[2071],"Later":[2072],"life,":[2074],"judgment":[2080,2241],"himself":[2085],"life":[2088,2112,2589],"insurance":[2089,2113],"company":[2090,2224],"consulted":[2093],"him.":[2094],"accurate":[2098],"(and":[2099],"thus":[2100],"profitable)":[2101],"predictions":[2102],"applying":[2110],"those":[2115],"done":[2116],"using":[2117,2239,2791],"actuarial":[2118],"alone.":[2122],"\u2018My":[2123],"brain":[2124],"computer":[2129],"this\u2019,":[2131],"recalled.":[2133],"somebody,":[2137],"let's":[2138],"say,":[2139,2188,2273],"who'd":[2140],"age":[2145],"sixty-five":[2146],"minimal,":[2151],"figure,":[2154],"well,":[2155,2274],"gee,":[2156],"intervening":[2158,2374],"entered":[2160],"here":[2162],"maybe":[2165],"matter":[2167,2211,2797],"chance.":[2169],"I'll":[2170],"bet":[2171],"guy,":[2174],"he'll":[2176],"last.":[2177],"Whereas":[2178],"bunch":[2183],"things,":[2185],"[of]":[2197],"wasn't":[2209],"chance":[2213],"happened":[2216],"him,":[2218],"take":[2220,2467],"did.\u2019":[2230],"successful":[2237],"apply":[2243],"competing":[2250],"insurers":[2251,2422],"notice":[2253],"said":[2255],"\u201cHe\u2019s":[2256],"ruining":[2257],"us":[2258],"he's":[2260,2264],"beating":[2261],"odds,":[2263],"book":[2268],"thing\u201d.":[2271],"I'd":[2272],"too":[2279,2698],"want":[2282],"hire":[2284],"me.\u2019":[2285],"Since":[2287],"1957,":[2288],"dramatic":[2293,2732],"decrease":[2294,2306],"mortality":[2297],"USA.":[2300],"Just":[2301],"how":[2302],"due":[2308],"legitimated":[2313],"unclear,":[2317],"reduced":[2322],"primary":[2325],"secondary":[2327],"prevention":[2329],"guided":[2330],"undoubtedly":[2335],"influence,":[2340],"I":[2341,2701],"imagine":[2342],"ambivalent":[2348],"risk-centred":[2351,2552,2675],"helped":[2356],"jump-start":[2357],"publication.":[2360],"Instead":[2361],"\u2018by":[2364,2544,2834],"clinicians\u2019,":[2367],"knowledge":[2369,2403,2537,2759,2788,2850],"driven":[2377,2558],"global":[2380],"pharmaceutical":[2381],"companies,":[2382],"device":[2383],"manufacturers,":[2384],"specialist":[2387],"groups":[2388,2455],"self-interest":[2393],"products.":[2398],"audience":[2400],"become":[2405,2585],"wider":[2407],"practice,":[2413],"now":[2415],"includes":[2416],"consumers,":[2417],"advocates,":[2419],"regulatory":[2420],"bodies,":[2421],"others.":[2424],"Increasingly":[2425],"powerful":[2428],"methods":[2430],"developed":[2436],"risk,":[2439],"opaque":[2444],"clinicians,":[2446,2486],"let":[2447],"alone":[2448],"consumers.":[2451],"expert":[2453],"stripes":[2458],"turn":[2459],"\u2018evidence\u2019":[2460],"recommendations":[2462],"increasingly":[2466,2595],"form":[2469],"rules,":[2471],"algorithms":[2472],"guidelines.":[2474],"Rhetorical":[2475],"nods":[2476],"paid":[2480],"judgment,":[2483],"consumers":[2494],"whom":[2496],"\u2018share\u2019":[2498],"decision":[2499],"making,":[2500],"experience":[2502],"cacophony":[2508],"conflicting":[2510],"recommendations,":[2511],"causing":[2513],"profound":[2514],"suspicions":[2517],"bias":[2519],"self-interest.":[2521],"It":[2522],"foolish":[2525],"unhelpful":[2527],"opine":[2529],"history,":[2533],"stayed":[2542],"clinician\u2019":[2547],"course.":[2548],"direction":[2550],"overdetermined,":[2556],"largely":[2557],"economic":[2560,2691],"structural":[2562],"forces":[2563],"operating":[2564],"distance":[2567],"policy":[2575],"makers.":[2576],"creation,":[2578],"understanding":[2579],"management":[2581],"constitutive":[2587],"advanced":[2591],"industrial":[2592],"societies,":[2593],"globally,":[2596],"contemporary":[2598],"theorists":[2600],"judge":[2601],"live":[2603],"societies\u2019.":[2606],"13":[2607],"Imagining":[2608],"history":[2611,2783],"also":[2613],"mean":[2614],"eschewing":[2615,2852],"benefits":[2617,2672],"flow":[2619],"modern":[2621],"research,":[2623],"emphasizing":[2628],"cardiovascular":[2639],"health,":[2640],"elucidating":[2643],"aspirin":[2647],"beta":[2649],"blockers":[2650],"after":[2651],"attacks,":[2653],"resulted":[2655],"traditional":[2658],"trials":[2660],"data":[2664],"analyses":[2665],"bypasses.":[2669],"assumed":[2680],"proven,":[2682],"whereas":[2683],"risks":[2685,2845],"psychological":[2693],"costs":[2694],"apparent.":[2699],"14":[2700],"nevertheless":[2702],"useful":[2705,2747,2780],"recall":[2707],"evoke":[2709],"perspectives":[2712],"trying":[2718],"respond":[2724],"risk-related":[2726],"developments":[2727,2888],"today,":[2728],"rise":[2733],"prophylactic":[2735],"mastectomies":[2736],"breast":[2740],"cancer":[2741],"Some":[2743,2776],"attitudinal\u2014humility":[2749],"lack":[2751],"hubris":[2753],"bridging":[2755],"gaps":[2756],"decisions,":[2762],"awareness":[2764],"valuable":[2770],"necessary":[2772],"so.":[2775],"aspirational\u2014to":[2785],"redirect":[2786],"toward":[2790],"inputs":[2792],"outputs":[2794],"to,":[2798,2913],"reasonably":[2801],"identified":[2803]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
