{"id":"https://openalex.org/W226773287","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3341627","title":"The Road Not Taken: The Transition from Unemployment to Self-Employment in Canada, 1961-1994","display_name":"The Road Not Taken: The Transition from Unemployment to Self-Employment in Canada, 1961-1994","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W226773287","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3341627","mag":"226773287"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/3341627","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3341627","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3341627","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90678448","display_name":"The Canadian Journal of Sociology","issn_l":"0318-6431","issn":["0318-6431","1710-1123"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313082","host_organization_name":"University of Alberta","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313082"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Alberta"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Canadian Journal of Sociology / Cahiers canadiens de sociologie","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3341627","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113568634","display_name":"A. Bruce Arai","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"A. Bruce Arai","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113568634"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4907,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91804137,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"3","first_page":"365","last_page":"365"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10058","display_name":"Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences","score":0.37720000743865967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10058","display_name":"Entrepreneurship Studies and Influences","score":0.37720000743865967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1405","display_name":"Management of Technology and Innovation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13762","display_name":"Education and Labor Relations","score":0.31049999594688416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.13289999961853027,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-employment","display_name":"self-employment","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unemployment","display_name":"unemployment","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/small-business","display_name":"small business","score":0.37599998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/petite-bourgeoisie","display_name":"petty bourgeoisie","score":0.4300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canadian-labour-market","display_name":"Canadian labour market","score":0.4480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seasonal-unemployment","display_name":"seasonal unemployment","score":0.4009999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entrepreneurship","display_name":"entrepreneurship","score":0.33500000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canada","display_name":"Canada","score":0.503000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/western-countries-comparison","display_name":"Western countries comparison","score":0.5899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concentration-of-capital","display_name":"capital concentration","score":0.621999979019165}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778126366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41171","display_name":"Unemployment","level":2,"score":0.7731292247772217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194232998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606712","display_name":"Transition (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.6768910884857178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.6146160960197449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778000738","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1005490","display_name":"Self-employment","level":3,"score":0.46307241916656494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.4434455633163452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.4153536260128021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.35176414251327515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.2255823314189911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84309077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3908516","display_name":"Entrepreneurship","level":2,"score":0.06230640411376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/3341627","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3341627","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3341627","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90678448","display_name":"The Canadian Journal of Sociology","issn_l":"0318-6431","issn":["0318-6431","1710-1123"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313082","host_organization_name":"University of Alberta","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313082"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Alberta"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Canadian Journal of Sociology / Cahiers canadiens de sociologie","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/3341627","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3341627","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3341627","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90678448","display_name":"The Canadian Journal of Sociology","issn_l":"0318-6431","issn":["0318-6431","1710-1123"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310313082","host_organization_name":"University of Alberta","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310313082"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Alberta"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Canadian Journal of Sociology / Cahiers canadiens de sociologie","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.7300000190734863,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W206109015","https://openalex.org/W219468412","https://openalex.org/W241229540","https://openalex.org/W1964381379","https://openalex.org/W1997471844","https://openalex.org/W2002197135","https://openalex.org/W2014820834","https://openalex.org/W2027121596","https://openalex.org/W2027179951","https://openalex.org/W2031736557","https://openalex.org/W2040932951","https://openalex.org/W2045095841","https://openalex.org/W2050839637","https://openalex.org/W2051500957","https://openalex.org/W2059194602","https://openalex.org/W2070276920","https://openalex.org/W2085208778","https://openalex.org/W2087672818","https://openalex.org/W2110165517","https://openalex.org/W2122151317","https://openalex.org/W2127351996","https://openalex.org/W2149001603","https://openalex.org/W2317658913","https://openalex.org/W2317664303","https://openalex.org/W2418253158","https://openalex.org/W2472029918","https://openalex.org/W2478346516","https://openalex.org/W2796874730","https://openalex.org/W2982543410","https://openalex.org/W3121676861","https://openalex.org/W3123186140"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1533984946","https://openalex.org/W1983988613","https://openalex.org/W1531557023","https://openalex.org/W3124418781","https://openalex.org/W2373486663","https://openalex.org/W1557808432","https://openalex.org/W3124955536","https://openalex.org/W1500786439","https://openalex.org/W7100219730","https://openalex.org/W1965605170"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract.":[0],"The":[1,414],"steady":[2,341],"decline":[3,262,284,313,342],"in":[4,6,18,25,52,86,276,293,314,328,343,495,532,552,587,598],"self-employment":[5,57,85,315,329,351],"Canada":[7,87,118,204,378,533,553],"for":[8,93,502],"much":[9,240],"of":[10,29,68,228,234,241,263,273,287,291,391,407,436,441,484,498,547,572,575],"this":[11,69,242,252,274,283,392,559],"century":[12,275],"appears":[13,535],"to":[14,38,61,475,536],"have":[15,34,309,451],"been":[16,35],"reversed":[17],"recent":[19],"years.":[20],"This":[21],"pattern":[22],"is":[23,47,78,280,464,560],"repeated":[24],"a":[26,59,100,103,119,128,191,340,462,538,573,588],"large":[27,294,427],"number":[28],"western":[30,517,600],"countries.":[31],"Several":[32],"explanations":[33],"put":[36,452],"forward":[37],"explain":[39],"these":[40],"revivals.":[41],"Among":[42],"the":[43,66,72,225,229,232,261,264,269,288,303,312,336,346,359,386,405,470,478,492,496,499,511,519,525,545,548,576,582,593,596],"most":[44,277,454,599],"intensively":[45],"studied":[46,350],"an":[48],"unemployment":[83],"push":[50],"hypothesis":[51,70],"which":[53,307],"people":[54],"move":[55],"into":[56],"as":[58,250,419,461],"response":[60],"unemployment.":[62],"Although":[63],"arguments":[64],"about":[65,401],"meaning":[67],"differ,":[71],"present":[73],"study":[74],"shows":[75],"that":[76,311,335,358,385,418,477,544],"there":[77,297],"no":[79,255,299],"non-seasonal":[80],"connection":[81],"between":[82,88,330,353,363,379,506,554],"and":[84,90,246,332,355,365,381,398,404,411,426,429,443,488,508,514,527,556,558,567],"1961":[89,206],"1994.":[91,208],"Directions":[92],"future":[94,215],"research":[95,473],"are":[96,521],"discussed.":[97],"Resume.":[98],"Contrairement":[99],"la":[101,104,157],"tendance":[102],"baisse":[105],"observee":[106],"depuis":[107],"le":[108,112,142,163,177,197,200],"debut":[109],"du":[110,144,159],"siecle,":[111],"nombre":[113],"de":[114,138,156,193,213],"travailleurs":[115],"autonomes":[116],"au":[117,121,168,184,203],"augmente":[120],"cours":[122],"des":[123,211],"dernieres":[124],"annees.":[125],"Ce":[126],"revirement":[127],"aussi":[129],"ete":[130],"rapporte":[131],"par":[132],"plusieurs":[133,174],"pays":[134],"occidentaux.":[135],"Il":[136],"existe":[137,173],"nombreuses":[139],"explications":[140],"pour":[141],"regain":[143],"travail":[145,169,178,201],"autonome.":[146,170],"Parmi":[147],"les":[148,150,166],"hypotheses":[149],"plus":[151],"etudiees,":[152],"on":[153],"retrouve":[154],"l'hypothese":[155],"poussee":[158],"chomage":[164,198],"suggerant":[161],"que":[162],"mene":[165],"gens":[167],"Bien":[171],"qu'il":[172,189],"facons":[175],"d'expliquer":[176],"autonome":[179,202],"comme":[180],"etant":[181],"une":[182],"reaction":[183],"chomage,":[185],"cette":[186],"etude":[187],"demontre":[188],"n'y":[190],"pas":[192],"lien":[194],"non-saisonnier":[195],"entre":[196,205],"et":[199,207],"Une":[209],"discussion":[210],"questions":[212],"recherche":[214],"conclura":[216],"l'expose.":[217],"Introduction":[218],"Almost":[219],"150":[220],"years":[221,272,321],"ago,":[222,322],"Marx":[223],"predicted":[224],"imminent":[226],"disappearance":[227],"petite":[360,459],"bourgeoisie,":[231],"class":[233,463],"small-scale,":[235],"independent":[236],"business":[237],"owners.":[238],"For":[239],"century,":[243],"within":[244],"Marxism,":[245],"indeed":[247],"among":[248],"non-Marxists":[249],"well,":[251],"prediction":[253],"posed":[254],"theoretical":[256],"or":[257],"empirical":[258],"difficulties.":[259],"Empirically,":[260],"petit":[265],"bourgeois":[266],"sector":[267,337,387,480,501,550],"throughout":[268,345],"first":[270],"70":[271],"capitalist":[278],"economies":[279],"unmistakable.":[281],"Theoretically,":[282],"was":[285,298,394,417,481],"evidence":[286,393],"increasing":[289,529],"concentration":[290,403],"capital":[292,402],"firms.":[295],"Indeed,":[296],"evidence,":[300],"up":[301],"until":[302,524],"1970s":[304],"at":[305],"least,":[306],"might":[308,316],"suggested":[310],"be":[317],"ending.":[318],"(2)":[319],"Twenty":[320],"Johnson":[323],"(1972)":[324],"examined":[325,372],"Canadian":[326,577],"trends":[327,373,494],"1932":[331],"1972,":[333],"concluding":[334,357,384],"had":[338,388],"exhibited":[339],"size":[344,497,546],"period.":[347],"Cuneo":[348,448],"(1984)":[349],"rates":[352,520],"1931":[354,364],"1981,":[356],"bourgeoisie":[361,460],"persisted":[362],"1951,":[366],"but":[367,439],"declined":[368],"thereafter.":[369],"Szymanski":[370],"(1983)":[371],"across":[374,516],"several":[375],"countries":[376,505],"including":[377],"1960":[380],"1978,":[382],"also":[383,440,534],"declined.":[389],"All":[390],"consistent":[395],"with":[396],"Marxist":[397],"neo-Marxist":[399],"theories":[400],"rise":[406],"monopoly":[420],"capitalism":[421],"(Baran":[410],"Sweezy,":[412],"1966).":[413],"basic":[415],"argument":[416],"stabilized,":[422],"small":[423],"firms":[424,431],"disappeared":[425],"monopolistic":[428],"oligopolistic":[430],"took":[432],"control":[433],"not":[434],"only":[435],"particular":[437],"markets,":[438],"industries":[442],"even":[444],"nation-states":[445],"(Teeple,":[446],"1995).":[447],"(1984:298)":[449],"may":[450],"it":[453,585],"succinctly,":[455],"stating":[456],"that,":[457],"[t]he":[458],"obviously":[465],"being":[466],"destroyed.":[467],"However,":[468],"during":[469,591],"1980s,":[471],"some":[472,483],"began":[474],"suggest":[476],"self-employed":[479,500,549,578],"recovering":[482],"its":[485],"losses.":[486],"Steinmetz":[487],"Wright":[489],"(1989)":[490],"summarize":[491],"overall":[493],"ten":[503],"different":[504],"1970":[507],"1985.":[509],"In":[510],"United":[512],"States,":[513],"generally":[515],"Europe,":[518],"U-shaped,":[522],"declining":[523],"mid-1970s":[526],"then":[528],"again.":[530],"Self-employment":[531],"follow":[537],"U-shaped":[539],"pattern.":[540],"Cohen":[541],"(1988)":[542],"hints":[543],"grew":[551],"1975":[555],"1986":[557],"supported":[561],"by":[562,568],"OECD":[563],"data":[564],"(OECD,":[565],"1992)":[566],"Crompton's":[569],"(1993)":[570],"documentation":[571],"renaissance":[574],"through":[579],"1991.":[580],"Interestingly":[581],"revival,":[583],"if":[584],"occurred":[586],"country,":[589],"happened":[590],"roughly":[592],"same":[594],"period,":[595],"mid-1970s,":[597],"nations":[601],"(Blau,":[602],"1987).":[603],"\u2026":[604]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-29T14:09:16.559479","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
