{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2267487584","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2974-9","title":"Why so Few Women on Boards of Directors? Empirical Evidence from Danish Companies in 1998\u20132010","display_name":"Why so Few Women on Boards of Directors? Empirical Evidence from Danish Companies in 1998\u20132010","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-11-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2267487584","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2974-9","mag":"2267487584"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10551-015-2974-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2974-9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2974-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S76633192","display_name":"Journal of Business Ethics","issn_l":"0167-4544","issn":["0167-4544","1573-0697"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-1","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Business Ethics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pure.au.dk/portal/en/publications/a02ca600-0cae-449e-b184-819c9b3110f3","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020020416","display_name":"Nina Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3728-3839","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3728-3839"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197518295","display_name":"IZA - Institute of Labor Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/029s44460","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197518295"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204337017","display_name":"Aarhus University","ror":"https://ror.org/01aj84f44","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}],"countries":["DE","DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nina Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["IZA Institute for the Study of Labor, Schaumburg-Lippe-Str. 5-9, 53113, Bonn, Germany","School of Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Fuglesangs Alle 4, 8210, Aarhus, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IZA Institute for the Study of Labor, Schaumburg-Lippe-Str. 5-9, 53113, Bonn, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197518295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Fuglesangs Alle 4, 8210, Aarhus, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110555363","display_name":"Pierpaolo Parrotta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6559-0916","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6559-0916"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197518295","display_name":"IZA - Institute of Labor Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/029s44460","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197518295"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","display_name":"Maastricht University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jz4aj89","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}],"countries":["DE","NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pierpaolo Parrotta","raw_affiliation_strings":["IZA Institute for the Study of Labor, Schaumburg-Lippe-Str. 5-9, 53113, Bonn, Germany","School of Business and Economics, Maastricht University, Tongersestraat 53, 6211 LM, Maastricht, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IZA Institute for the Study of Labor, Schaumburg-Lippe-Str. 5-9, 53113, Bonn, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197518295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Business and Economics, Maastricht University, Tongersestraat 53, 6211 LM, Maastricht, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110555363"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197518295","https://openalex.org/I34352273"],"apc_list":{"value":3790,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3790},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.0072,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":106,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96355067,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"147","issue":"2","first_page":"445","last_page":"467"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11047","display_name":"Gender Diversity and Inequality","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11047","display_name":"Gender Diversity and Inequality","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11432","display_name":"Gender Politics and Representation","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10019","display_name":"Corporate Finance and Governance","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/board-gender-diversity","display_name":"board gender diversity","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/board-of-directors","display_name":"board of directors","score":0.6309999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-diversity","display_name":"gender diversity","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/female-board-representation","display_name":"female board representation","score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tokenism","display_name":"tokenism","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-governance","display_name":"corporate governance","score":0.5929999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/danish-firms","display_name":"Danish companies","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-quotas","display_name":"gender quotas","score":0.7089999914169312}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778091340","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15749950","display_name":"Quality of Life Research","level":3,"score":0.8897608518600464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164622146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9035","display_name":"Danish","level":2,"score":0.8868418335914612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119232533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q873451","display_name":"Business ethics","level":2,"score":0.8856179118156433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.5122575163841248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5034016966819763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166052673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83021","display_name":"Empirical evidence","level":2,"score":0.4739282727241516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.46342694759368896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.2535778880119324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.24085533618927002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.08019164204597473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.07376456260681152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.06923815608024597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.06314846873283386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":8,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10551-015-2974-9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2974-9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2974-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S76633192","display_name":"Journal of Business Ethics","issn_l":"0167-4544","issn":["0167-4544","1573-0697"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","fnege-1","jufo-2","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Business Ethics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/a02ca600-0cae-449e-b184-819c9b3110f3","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.au.dk/portal/en/publications/a02ca600-0cae-449e-b184-819c9b3110f3","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Smith, N & Parrotta, P 2018, 'Why so few Women on Boards of Directors? Empirical Evidence from Danish Companies in 1998-2010', Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 147, no. 2, pp. 445\u2013467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2974-9","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:philpapers.org/rec/SMIWSF","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://philpapers.org/rec/SMIWSF","pdf_url":"https://philpapers.org/archive/SMIWSF.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402130","display_name":"PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-01507895v1","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-01507895","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4405252976","host_organization_name":"Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405252976"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Business Ethics, 2015, pp.1-23. &#x27E8;10.1007/s10551-015-2974-9&#x27E9;","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:kap:jbuset:v:147:y:2018:i:2:d:10.1007_s10551-015-2974-9","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10551-015-2974-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:philarchive.org/rec/SMIWSF","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://philarchive.org/rec/SMIWSF","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402130","display_name":"PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/1ae7e4b5-4709-47dd-ae90-37476e0d37b5","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://ssrn.com/abstract=2345595","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Smith, N & Parrotta, P 2013 'Why so few women on boards of directors? Empirical evidence from Danish companies 1997-2007' IZA Discussion Paper, no. 7678, IZA. Institute for the Study of Labor / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit, Bonn, pp. 1-33. < http://ssrn.com/abstract=2345595 >","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/workingPaper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:usiena-air.unisi.it:11365/1227465","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11365/1227465","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196319","display_name":"Use Siena air (University of Siena)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I102064193","host_organization_name":"University of Siena","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102064193"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/a02ca600-0cae-449e-b184-819c9b3110f3","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.au.dk/portal/en/publications/a02ca600-0cae-449e-b184-819c9b3110f3","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Smith, N & Parrotta, P 2018, 'Why so few Women on Boards of Directors? Empirical Evidence from Danish Companies in 1998-2010', Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 147, no. 2, pp. 445\u2013467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2974-9","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9444000124931335,"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"},{"score":0.7578999996185303,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"score":0.6452000141143799,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.7699999809265137,"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7707599091","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2010-01-0111","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321504","funder_display_name":"Carlsbergfondet"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321504","display_name":"Carlsbergfondet","ror":"https://ror.org/01kpjmx04"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W219516938","https://openalex.org/W1502163265","https://openalex.org/W1537432134","https://openalex.org/W1586430035","https://openalex.org/W1648937643","https://openalex.org/W1970177130","https://openalex.org/W1981426311","https://openalex.org/W1982600053","https://openalex.org/W1982875404","https://openalex.org/W1992770143","https://openalex.org/W2010751726","https://openalex.org/W2016991550","https://openalex.org/W2020551714","https://openalex.org/W2021490350","https://openalex.org/W2022114122","https://openalex.org/W2027992431","https://openalex.org/W2036885626","https://openalex.org/W2041295484","https://openalex.org/W2047155746","https://openalex.org/W2049790881","https://openalex.org/W2063559913","https://openalex.org/W2067589470","https://openalex.org/W2070970562","https://openalex.org/W2082994988","https://openalex.org/W2090152043","https://openalex.org/W2096923945","https://openalex.org/W2120812555","https://openalex.org/W2126696147","https://openalex.org/W2135152947","https://openalex.org/W2157431093","https://openalex.org/W2160534689","https://openalex.org/W2235486894","https://openalex.org/W2782826761","https://openalex.org/W2890421732","https://openalex.org/W2899764519","https://openalex.org/W3121728332","https://openalex.org/W3123323948","https://openalex.org/W3123468997","https://openalex.org/W3123612106","https://openalex.org/W3125443750","https://openalex.org/W4242246033","https://openalex.org/W4254931427","https://openalex.org/W4412313895","https://openalex.org/W6748055754","https://openalex.org/W6808764206","https://openalex.org/W7082828368"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2626828711","https://openalex.org/W2754754383","https://openalex.org/W2090152043","https://openalex.org/W1803706756","https://openalex.org/W4379980444","https://openalex.org/W2996689533","https://openalex.org/W7037240766","https://openalex.org/W2035313817","https://openalex.org/W4323304510","https://openalex.org/W7213440175"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"analyzes":[2],"the":[3,31,37,44,57,60,64,72,81,111,130,135,144,157,186],"determinants":[4],"of":[5,10,16,83,100,109,113,132,147,189],"women\u2019s":[6],"representation":[7,53],"on":[8,13,36,50,80,129],"boards":[9],"directors":[11,38,84,150,153],"based":[12],"a":[14,77,101],"panel":[15],"all":[17],"privately":[18],"owned":[19],"or":[20,124],"listed":[21],"Danish":[22,105],"firms":[23],"with":[24,76],"at":[25],"least":[26],"50":[27],"employees":[28,45],"observed":[29],"during":[30],"period":[32],"1998\u20132010.":[33],"We":[34,68,95],"focus":[35],"who":[39],"are":[40],"not":[41],"elected":[42],"by":[43],"and":[46,63,151],"test":[47],"three":[48],"hypotheses":[49],"female":[51,78,92,115,145,152,187],"board":[52,82,93,116,131,191],"that":[54,180,194],"we":[55],"denote":[56],"female-led":[58,73],"hypothesis,":[59,62,66],"tokenism":[61,102],"pipeline":[65,136,146],"respectively.":[67],"find":[69,97],"evidence":[70,99,178],"rejecting":[71],"hypothesis.":[74],"Firms":[75],"chairperson":[79],"tend":[85],"to":[86,166,184],"have":[87,127],"significantly":[88,119],"fewer":[89],"other":[90],"non-employee-elected":[91,114,190],"members.":[94],"also":[96],"clear":[98],"behavior":[103],"in":[104,170],"companies.":[106],"The":[107,141],"likelihood":[108],"enlarging":[110],"share":[112],"members":[117,192],"is":[118,138,154,193],"smaller":[120],"if":[121],"one,":[122],"two,":[123],"more":[125,195],"women":[126,196],"sat":[128],"directors.":[133],"Finally,":[134],"hypothesis":[137],"partly":[139],"confirmed.":[140],"relation":[142,159],"between":[143],"potentially":[148],"qualified":[149],"weaker":[155],"than":[156],"similar":[158],"for":[160],"males.":[161],"Our":[162,176],"findings":[163],"offer":[164],"insights":[165],"policy":[167],"makers":[168],"interested":[169],"promoting":[171],"gender":[172],"diversity":[173],"within":[174],"boardrooms.":[175],"empirical":[177],"suggests":[179],"an":[181],"important":[182],"way":[183],"increase":[185],"proportion":[188],"reach":[197],"top":[198],"executive":[199],"positions.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
