{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2265869529","doi":null,"title":"Designing virus-like nanoparticles as T1-enhanced MRI contrast agents","display_name":"Designing virus-like nanoparticles as T1-enhanced MRI contrast agents","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2265869529","mag":"2265869529"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarworks.montana.edu:1/9418","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/9418","pdf_url":"https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/9418","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402563","display_name":"Montana State University ScholarWorks (Montana State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I23732399","host_organization_name":"Montana State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23732399"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Dissertation"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/9418","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008863632","display_name":"Shefah Qazi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8550-8713","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8550-8713"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shefah Qazi","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008863632"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"212"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11279","display_name":"Lanthanide and Transition Metal Complexes","score":0.7598000168800354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11279","display_name":"Lanthanide and Transition Metal Complexes","score":0.7598000168800354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10063","display_name":"Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery","score":0.1868000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2502","display_name":"Biomaterials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10378","display_name":"Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications","score":0.010200000368058681,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virus-like-particles","display_name":"virus-like particles","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gadolinium-based-contrast-agents","display_name":"gadolinium-based contrast agents","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manganese-porphyrin","display_name":"manganese porphyrin","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protein-cages","display_name":"protein cages","score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polymer-conjugation","display_name":"polymer conjugation","score":0.41999998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/targeted-drug-delivery","display_name":"targeted drug delivery","score":0.48500001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gadolinium-toxicity","display_name":"gadolinium toxicity","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nephrogenic-systemic-fibrosis","display_name":"nephrogenic systemic fibrosis","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contrast-agent-dose-reduction","display_name":"contrast agent dose reduction","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bioconjugation","display_name":"bioconjugation","score":0.6420000195503235}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.6530964374542236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155672457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61231","display_name":"Nanoparticle","level":2,"score":0.5516329407691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143409427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161238","display_name":"Magnetic resonance imaging","level":2,"score":0.4116096794605255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136229726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","level":1,"score":0.36894887685775757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46141821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209402","display_name":"Nuclear magnetic resonance","level":1,"score":0.3600206971168518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.35652652382850647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3297383785247803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.32155007123947144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.29442036151885986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.28064489364624023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2496919333934784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.200057715177536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.1966058909893036}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarworks.montana.edu:1/9418","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/9418","pdf_url":"https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/9418","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402563","display_name":"Montana State University ScholarWorks (Montana State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I23732399","host_organization_name":"Montana State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23732399"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Dissertation"},{"id":"mag:2265869529","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/9418","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarworks.montana.edu:1/9418","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/9418","pdf_url":"https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/9418","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402563","display_name":"Montana State University ScholarWorks (Montana State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I23732399","host_organization_name":"Montana State University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23732399"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Dissertation"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8371999859809875}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306230","display_name":"American Heart Association","ror":"https://ror.org/013kjyp64"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2265869529.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2265869529.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":228,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W107981457","https://openalex.org/W143209868","https://openalex.org/W154088998","https://openalex.org/W198567551","https://openalex.org/W612644371","https://openalex.org/W1483641353","https://openalex.org/W1515269696","https://openalex.org/W1517917113","https://openalex.org/W1538783545","https://openalex.org/W1576095172","https://openalex.org/W1581347097","https://openalex.org/W1585396065","https://openalex.org/W1593116230","https://openalex.org/W1608269403","https://openalex.org/W1738502635","https://openalex.org/W1963614280","https://openalex.org/W1964275463","https://openalex.org/W1965244539","https://openalex.org/W1966487897","https://openalex.org/W1967480000","https://openalex.org/W1967620119","https://openalex.org/W1967647423","https://openalex.org/W1968652549","https://openalex.org/W1969501683","https://openalex.org/W1972570430","https://openalex.org/W1973436374","https://openalex.org/W1973534955","https://openalex.org/W1974829070","https://openalex.org/W1975088956","https://openalex.org/W1975252318","https://openalex.org/W1977049136","https://openalex.org/W1977843470","https://openalex.org/W1978316225","https://openalex.org/W1979050896","https://openalex.org/W1979860988","https://openalex.org/W1979927327","https://openalex.org/W1981814415","https://openalex.org/W1983891982","https://openalex.org/W1984986786","https://openalex.org/W1985354904","https://openalex.org/W1986045800","https://openalex.org/W1987713592","https://openalex.org/W1988992848","https://openalex.org/W1989436965","https://openalex.org/W1994873953","https://openalex.org/W1995976462","https://openalex.org/W1996192546","https://openalex.org/W1997529464","https://openalex.org/W2001498530","https://openalex.org/W2002333875","https://openalex.org/W2002561525","https://openalex.org/W2002889273","https://openalex.org/W2004071147","https://openalex.org/W2004434237","https://openalex.org/W2004727795","https://openalex.org/W2005362845","https://openalex.org/W2006422372","https://openalex.org/W2006966537","https://openalex.org/W2009064341","https://openalex.org/W2009421705","https://openalex.org/W2010169221","https://openalex.org/W2010191338","https://openalex.org/W2010908849","https://openalex.org/W2011838528","https://openalex.org/W2015411077","https://openalex.org/W2017091022","https://openalex.org/W2018249439","https://openalex.org/W2018760263","https://openalex.org/W2019723930","https://openalex.org/W2021320094","https://openalex.org/W2022022844","https://openalex.org/W2022234371","https://openalex.org/W2022309796","https://openalex.org/W2022388580","https://openalex.org/W2023801036","https://openalex.org/W2023841027","https://openalex.org/W2025919388","https://openalex.org/W2027399514","https://openalex.org/W2027578741","https://openalex.org/W2028440812","https://openalex.org/W2029007872","https://openalex.org/W2029753193","https://openalex.org/W2029881169","https://openalex.org/W2033294149","https://openalex.org/W2033503179","https://openalex.org/W2036570425","https://openalex.org/W2036896600","https://openalex.org/W2037294522","https://openalex.org/W2037957736","https://openalex.org/W2038151327","https://openalex.org/W2040209721","https://openalex.org/W2040428235","https://openalex.org/W2041049135","https://openalex.org/W2041479156","https://openalex.org/W2041543719","https://openalex.org/W2041642434","https://openalex.org/W2042117149","https://openalex.org/W2042301509","https://openalex.org/W2044376654","https://openalex.org/W2044841814","https://openalex.org/W2045658293","https://openalex.org/W2048579710","https://openalex.org/W2049242980","https://openalex.org/W2049899870","https://openalex.org/W2050375818","https://openalex.org/W2050577089","https://openalex.org/W2050655524","https://openalex.org/W2051898481","https://openalex.org/W2052874119","https://openalex.org/W2054153120","https://openalex.org/W2054555378","https://openalex.org/W2054702207","https://openalex.org/W2057759939","https://openalex.org/W2059283030","https://openalex.org/W2061174398","https://openalex.org/W2061736316","https://openalex.org/W2061840262","https://openalex.org/W2062061048","https://openalex.org/W2062590613","https://openalex.org/W2064468334","https://openalex.org/W2066963386","https://openalex.org/W2067719032","https://openalex.org/W2068184659","https://openalex.org/W2069299962","https://openalex.org/W2069454375","https://openalex.org/W2069838323","https://openalex.org/W2070017158","https://openalex.org/W2070823443","https://openalex.org/W2071002552","https://openalex.org/W2071300717","https://openalex.org/W2072605341","https://openalex.org/W2073550735","https://openalex.org/W2075011308","https://openalex.org/W2075526101","https://openalex.org/W2075853257","https://openalex.org/W2076908796","https://openalex.org/W2078256592","https://openalex.org/W2079635221","https://openalex.org/W2081077206","https://openalex.org/W2083551715","https://openalex.org/W2085555740","https://openalex.org/W2087060219","https://openalex.org/W2088389799","https://openalex.org/W2088542458","https://openalex.org/W2089043830","https://openalex.org/W2089693485","https://openalex.org/W2090577561","https://openalex.org/W2091108794","https://openalex.org/W2091461306","https://openalex.org/W2091688003","https://openalex.org/W2092425640","https://openalex.org/W2094130145","https://openalex.org/W2094356186","https://openalex.org/W2094941678","https://openalex.org/W2095446275","https://openalex.org/W2096293149","https://openalex.org/W2098624753","https://openalex.org/W2102548255","https://openalex.org/W2103454439","https://openalex.org/W2108281282","https://openalex.org/W2108865998","https://openalex.org/W2109735518","https://openalex.org/W2109904969","https://openalex.org/W2110213842","https://openalex.org/W2110279822","https://openalex.org/W2110641747","https://openalex.org/W2111030271","https://openalex.org/W2111115146","https://openalex.org/W2112632147","https://openalex.org/W2113813941","https://openalex.org/W2114286636","https://openalex.org/W2115856953","https://openalex.org/W2117981139","https://openalex.org/W2118717606","https://openalex.org/W2120646188","https://openalex.org/W2120915183","https://openalex.org/W2122038120","https://openalex.org/W2123913716","https://openalex.org/W2123990044","https://openalex.org/W2124885334","https://openalex.org/W2125344525","https://openalex.org/W2125634941","https://openalex.org/W2129601496","https://openalex.org/W2131904845","https://openalex.org/W2132629607","https://openalex.org/W2134655975","https://openalex.org/W2137577190","https://openalex.org/W2137634849","https://openalex.org/W2138388274","https://openalex.org/W2140227592","https://openalex.org/W2141915072","https://openalex.org/W2142440390","https://openalex.org/W2143896522","https://openalex.org/W2144611965","https://openalex.org/W2145662716","https://openalex.org/W2150489367","https://openalex.org/W2151204655","https://openalex.org/W2151643182","https://openalex.org/W2151885216","https://openalex.org/W2152366705","https://openalex.org/W2154964751","https://openalex.org/W2157433411","https://openalex.org/W2160364838","https://openalex.org/W2160496641","https://openalex.org/W2162171872","https://openalex.org/W2162967244","https://openalex.org/W2165286214","https://openalex.org/W2165812816","https://openalex.org/W2166253703","https://openalex.org/W2166326804","https://openalex.org/W2167100847","https://openalex.org/W2169659701","https://openalex.org/W2171174503","https://openalex.org/W2171633513","https://openalex.org/W2186097949","https://openalex.org/W2267951717","https://openalex.org/W2312832381","https://openalex.org/W2316459203","https://openalex.org/W2327670895","https://openalex.org/W2331328237","https://openalex.org/W2333852915","https://openalex.org/W2335364655","https://openalex.org/W2400325395","https://openalex.org/W2547631252","https://openalex.org/W2601080125","https://openalex.org/W2607470125","https://openalex.org/W2796686092","https://openalex.org/W4256503849"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966487897","https://openalex.org/W2114800918","https://openalex.org/W7097382116","https://openalex.org/W2149244406","https://openalex.org/W2200177823","https://openalex.org/W2069599385","https://openalex.org/W2216807095","https://openalex.org/W2955841843","https://openalex.org/W2125173218","https://openalex.org/W3049075200"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,132],"field":[1],"of":[2,39,70,83,102,115,129,149,171,181,223,237,250,259,266,282,286,304,330],"nanotechnology":[3],"is":[4,91,175],"a":[5,24,158,322],"rapidly":[6],"growing":[7],"field.":[8],"In":[9,185],"the":[10,84,147,169,206,220,224,234,263],"past":[11],"few":[12],"decades,":[13],"nanoparticles":[14],"have":[15,65],"been":[16,66,343],"utilized":[17,122],"for":[18,68,72,87,192,248,301,308,345],"use":[19],"in":[20,27,79,127,138,157,163,256],"biomedical":[21],"applications":[22],"with":[23,318],"huge":[25],"impact":[26],"enhancing":[28],"diagnostic":[29,75],"techniques.":[30],"Protein":[31],"cages":[32],"and":[33,52,64,229,274,299,332],"virus-like":[34,193,217,348],"particles":[35,218],"are":[36,42,120,141,155,315],"biological":[37],"examples":[38],"nanoparticles.":[40],"They":[41],"highly":[43],"symmetric,":[44],"well-defined":[45],"architectures":[46],"made":[47],"from":[48],"multiple":[49,246],"protein":[50],"subunits":[51],"can":[53,204],"be":[54],"genetically":[55],"or":[56],"chemically":[57],"engineered":[58],"to":[59,112,125,146,177,215,241,270,277,291,347],"impart":[60],"desired":[61,280],"new":[62],"functionalities":[63],"used":[67,89,137],"design":[69,190,288],"nanomaterials":[71],"improving":[73],"current":[74],"techniques,":[76],"as":[77,96,199],"discussed":[78],"this":[80,116,164,186],"thesis.":[81],"One":[82],"main":[85,133],"techniques":[86],"diagnosis":[88,128],"today":[90],"magnetic":[92],"resonance":[93],"imaging":[94,140],"(MRI)":[95],"it":[97,174],"provides":[98,245],"good":[99],"spatial":[100],"resolution":[101],"soft":[103],"tissues":[104,281,331],"without":[105],"using":[106],"harmful":[107],"ionizing":[108],"radiation.":[109],"However,":[110],"due":[111],"poor":[113],"sensitivity":[114],"technique,":[117],"contrast":[118,135,183,197,213,225,253,313],"agents":[119,136,154,198,214,314],"often":[121],"by":[123],"clinicians":[124],"aid":[126],"diseased":[130],"tissues.":[131],"MRI":[134,196,231],"T1-enhanced":[139],"small":[142,251],"Gd-containing":[143],"molecules.":[144],"Due":[145],"toxicity":[148],"free":[150],"Gd":[151,305],"ions,":[152],"these":[153,182,238,260,267,287],"administered":[156],"tightly":[159],"chelated":[160],"form.":[161],"Even":[162],"form,":[165],"high":[166,257],"doses":[167],"increase":[168],"risk":[170],"toxicity.":[172],"Thus,":[173],"important":[176],"reduce":[178],"overall":[179],"dosage":[180],"agents.":[184,261],"thesis,":[187],"we":[188],"discuss":[189],"principles":[191],"particle":[194],"based":[195],"next":[200],"generation":[201],"diagnostics":[202],"which":[203],"overcome":[205],"above":[207],"mentioned":[208],"barriers.":[209],"Conjugating":[210],"clinically":[211],"approved":[212],"nano-sized":[216],"changes":[219],"intrinsic":[221],"properties":[222],"agent,":[226],"directly":[227,316],"impacting":[228],"increasing":[230],"contrast.":[232],"Modifying":[233,262],"interior":[235],"surface":[236,265],"cage-like":[239,268],"containers":[240,269],"grow":[242],"functionalizable":[243],"polymers":[244],"sites":[247],"conjugation":[249],"molecule":[252],"agents,":[254],"resulting":[255],"payload":[258],"exterior":[264],"present":[271],"targeting":[272],"ligands":[273],"enable":[275],"them":[276],"localize":[278],"at":[279],"interest.":[283],"All":[284],"three":[285],"considerations":[289],"contribute":[290],"higher":[292],"contrast,":[293],"significantly":[294],"lower":[295],"clinical":[296],"dose":[297],"requirements,":[298],"allow":[300],"safe":[302],"administration":[303],"(III)":[306,339],"ions":[307],"enhanced":[309],"imaging.":[310],"As":[311],"gadolinium-based":[312],"linked":[317],"nephrogenic":[319],"systemic":[320],"fibrosis,":[321],"rare":[323],"but":[324],"deadly":[325],"disease":[326],"that":[327],"causes":[328],"hardening":[329],"organs,":[333],"an":[334],"alternate":[335],"low-risk":[336],"metal-complex,":[337],"Mn":[338],"porphyrins,":[340],"has":[341],"also":[342],"explored":[344],"bioconjugation":[346],"particles.":[349]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}