{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2264933616","doi":null,"title":"HIV legal precedent useful for microbial forensics.","display_name":"HIV legal precedent useful for microbial forensics.","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2264933616","mag":"2264933616","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16100753"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmid:16100753","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16100753","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Croatian medical journal","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043851482","display_name":"Bruce Budowle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4116-2930","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4116-2930"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1327714866","display_name":"Federal Bureau of Investigation","ror":"https://ror.org/00ta5r839","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1314586196","https://openalex.org/I1327714866"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bruce Budowle","raw_affiliation_strings":["FBI Laboratory, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135, USA. bruce.budowle@ic.fbi.gov"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"FBI Laboratory, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135, USA. bruce.budowle@ic.fbi.gov","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1327714866"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072324165","display_name":"Rockne Harmon","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rockne Harmon","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1034,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.36954346,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"46","issue":"4","first_page":"514","last_page":"21"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11515","display_name":"Bacillus and Francisella bacterial research","score":0.2151000052690506,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11515","display_name":"Bacillus and Francisella bacterial research","score":0.2151000052690506,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14199","display_name":"Historical and Scientific Studies","score":0.17659999430179596,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2734","display_name":"Pathology and Forensic Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14115","display_name":"Legal processes and jurisprudence","score":0.0925000011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microbial-forensics","display_name":"forensic microbiology","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv","display_name":"HIV","score":0.7919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bioterrorism","display_name":"bioterrorism","score":0.8429999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attribution","display_name":"attribution","score":0.43799999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forensic-validation","display_name":"forensic validation","score":0.49399998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/case-review","display_name":"case review","score":0.5059999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phylogenetics","display_name":"phylogenetics","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-precedent","display_name":"judicial precedent","score":0.550000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biocrime","display_name":"biocrime","score":0.5370000004768372}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5609949827194214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143299363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900584","display_name":"Attribution","level":2,"score":0.499157190322876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124056412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3320364","display_name":"Scientific evidence","level":2,"score":0.42081040143966675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4135468006134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3642953038215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.3107246160507202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2185187041759491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.123788982629776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003415","descriptor_name":"Crime","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005554","descriptor_name":"Forensic Medicine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005827","descriptor_name":"Genetics, Microbial","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006678","descriptor_name":"HIV","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006679","descriptor_name":"HIV Seropositivity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D023482","descriptor_name":"Bioterrorism","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmid:16100753","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16100753","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Croatian medical journal","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"mag:2264933616","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16100753","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"PubMed","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.6601999998092651}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W83837518","https://openalex.org/W123047678","https://openalex.org/W129830959","https://openalex.org/W139373894","https://openalex.org/W1142491637","https://openalex.org/W1543059476","https://openalex.org/W1918638041","https://openalex.org/W1965914343","https://openalex.org/W1970752390","https://openalex.org/W1995236574","https://openalex.org/W1998832542","https://openalex.org/W1998875742","https://openalex.org/W2002777249","https://openalex.org/W2002989036","https://openalex.org/W2032467008","https://openalex.org/W2042119041","https://openalex.org/W2050783903","https://openalex.org/W2056224227","https://openalex.org/W2066020770","https://openalex.org/W2083690910","https://openalex.org/W2090126383","https://openalex.org/W2102954075","https://openalex.org/W2110105435","https://openalex.org/W2112734843","https://openalex.org/W2113815942","https://openalex.org/W2116945649","https://openalex.org/W2135614314","https://openalex.org/W2138952930","https://openalex.org/W2144386534","https://openalex.org/W2147378425","https://openalex.org/W2163136927","https://openalex.org/W2165097244","https://openalex.org/W2190277953","https://openalex.org/W2258524519","https://openalex.org/W2488491479","https://openalex.org/W2505801021","https://openalex.org/W2767362146"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4206697599","https://openalex.org/W2294166754","https://openalex.org/W1998832542","https://openalex.org/W2592529553","https://openalex.org/W2470868891","https://openalex.org/W2277767019","https://openalex.org/W1966933338","https://openalex.org/W2991505611","https://openalex.org/W2993351988","https://openalex.org/W2408699021"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,82,184],"field":[1],"of":[2,8,113,118,130,155,163,169,174],"microbial":[3,145],"forensics":[4,22,33,146],"was":[5,167,182],"formalized":[6],"because":[7],"the":[9,110,131,144,161,180],"need":[10,77],"for":[11,45],"attribution":[12,46],"in":[13,26,143],"events":[14],"where":[15],"a":[16,38,49,60,72,119,164],"bioweapon":[17],"has":[18,23,92],"been":[19],"used.":[20],"Microbial":[21,32,87],"its":[24],"origins":[25],"traditional":[27],"forensics,":[28],"microbiology,":[29],"and":[30,74,89,97,100,192],"epidemiology.":[31],"can":[34,70,133],"be":[35,79,123,134],"defined":[36],"as":[37,179],"scientific":[39,185],"discipline":[40],"dedicated":[41],"to":[42,78,109,138,149],"analyzing":[43],"evidence":[44,132],"purposes":[47],"from":[48],"bioterrorism":[50],"act,":[51],"biocrime,":[52],"hoax,":[53],"or":[54],"inadvertent":[55],"microorganism/toxin":[56],"release.":[57],"This":[58],"is":[59,148],"very":[61],"challenging":[62],"task,":[63],"since":[64],"there":[65],"are":[66],"myriad":[67],"microorganisms":[68],"that":[69],"pose":[71],"threat,":[73],"analytical":[75],"methods":[76],"used":[80],"reliably.":[81],"Scientific":[83],"Working":[84],"Group":[85],"on":[86,105,141],"Genetics":[88],"Forensics":[90],"(SWGMGF)":[91],"addressed":[93],"some":[94],"quality":[95],"assurance":[96],"control":[98],"issues,":[99],"particularly":[101],"validation":[102],"criteria":[103],"(focusing":[104],"preliminary":[106],"validation)":[107],"due":[108],"dynamic":[111],"nature":[112],"evolving":[114],"investigations.":[115],"Unique":[116],"identification":[117],"microorganism":[120],"may":[121],"never":[122],"possible.":[124],"Yet,":[125],"qualitative":[126],"and/or":[127],"quantitative":[128],"assessments":[129],"made.":[135],"One":[136],"approach":[137],"provide":[139],"direction":[140],"gaps":[142],"effort":[147],"perform":[150],"an":[151,159],"end-to-end":[152],"retrospective":[153],"analysis":[154],"past":[156],"cases.":[157],"As":[158],"example,":[160],"case":[162],"gastroenterologist":[165],"who":[166],"accused":[168],"second":[170],"degree":[171],"attempted":[172],"murder":[173],"his":[175],"paramour":[176],"using":[177],"HIV":[178],"weapon":[181],"reviewed.":[183],"evaluation":[186],"involves":[187],"epidemiology,":[188],"molecular":[189],"biology,":[190],"phylogenetics,":[191],"legal":[193],"deliberations.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}