{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2260520607","doi":null,"title":"Turning the Other Cheek: Leniency and Forgiveness in an Uncertain World","display_name":"Turning the Other Cheek: Leniency and Forgiveness in an Uncertain World","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-05-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2260520607","mag":"2260520607"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2260520607","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://autopapers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1608244","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://autopapers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1608244","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056499434","display_name":"David Gertler Rand","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8975-2783","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8975-2783"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David G. Rand","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8975-2783","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056499434"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10646","display_name":"Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies","score":0.8939999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10646","display_name":"Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies","score":0.8939999938011169,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11252","display_name":"Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation","score":0.10159999877214432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12551","display_name":"Forgiveness and Related Behaviors","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/repeated-games","display_name":"repeated games","score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prisoner-s-dilemma","display_name":"prisoner's dilemma","score":0.878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cooperation","display_name":"cooperation","score":0.6290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reciprocity","display_name":"reciprocity","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forgiveness","display_name":"forgiveness","score":0.414000004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leniency","display_name":"leniency","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tit-for-tat","display_name":"tit-for-tat","score":0.8429999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/win-stay-lose-shift","display_name":"win-stay lose-shift","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/punishment","display_name":"punishment","score":0.5120000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-cooperation","display_name":"human cooperation","score":0.4309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolution-of-cooperation","display_name":"evolution of cooperation","score":0.44600000977516174}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778731027","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q537963","display_name":"Forgiveness","level":2,"score":0.8151774406433105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777179996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q911222","display_name":"Mistake","level":2,"score":0.7492418885231018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778496695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254128","display_name":"Dilemma","level":2,"score":0.7232632637023926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169903001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3264987","display_name":"Reciprocity (cultural anthropology)","level":2,"score":0.5941164493560791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113494165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41693","display_name":"Prisoner's dilemma","level":3,"score":0.5646229982376099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.5129420161247253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780310539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12547192","display_name":"Imperfect","level":2,"score":0.5007646083831787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4901300370693207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779295839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3544090","display_name":"Punishment (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.46929365396499634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202556891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1584646","display_name":"Repeated game","level":3,"score":0.44919419288635254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777742833","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1964083","display_name":"Reciprocal","level":2,"score":0.4339500665664673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.40845972299575806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.33054864406585693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118084267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26110","display_name":"Positive economics","level":1,"score":0.3206673562526703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177142836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44455","display_name":"Game theory","level":2,"score":0.2589356601238251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2342991828918457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.19725605845451355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.1224055290222168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.11652395129203796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2260520607","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://autopapers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1608244","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"mag:2260520607","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://autopapers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1608244","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6601999998092651}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1560497133","https://openalex.org/W1583139675","https://openalex.org/W1976528791","https://openalex.org/W1982121017","https://openalex.org/W1984093548","https://openalex.org/W1989243989","https://openalex.org/W2007759681","https://openalex.org/W2029627073","https://openalex.org/W2056636176","https://openalex.org/W2056816934","https://openalex.org/W2062663664","https://openalex.org/W2072912727","https://openalex.org/W2077998383","https://openalex.org/W2087677745","https://openalex.org/W2100635887","https://openalex.org/W2106947265","https://openalex.org/W2113546393","https://openalex.org/W2127116163","https://openalex.org/W2132980272","https://openalex.org/W2137794586","https://openalex.org/W2144383963","https://openalex.org/W2146880028","https://openalex.org/W2149961401","https://openalex.org/W2155753204","https://openalex.org/W2156763099","https://openalex.org/W2174806087","https://openalex.org/W2768978272","https://openalex.org/W3122702071","https://openalex.org/W3122867100","https://openalex.org/W3123335860"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1552038057","https://openalex.org/W3122648480","https://openalex.org/W7111786590","https://openalex.org/W4409181343","https://openalex.org/W7171270920","https://openalex.org/W4298055859","https://openalex.org/W2156645688","https://openalex.org/W2588772368","https://openalex.org/W7213670830","https://openalex.org/W2106692339"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Repeated":[0],"cooperative":[1,148],"interactions":[2],"are":[3,150,160,186,202],"central":[4],"to":[5,27,33,168,188,190,216,219,223],"human":[6,108],"society.":[7],"A":[8,47],"large":[9],"body":[10],"of":[11,36,72,77,137,152,182,210],"theoretical":[12],"and":[13,23,66,75,146,156,221],"experimental":[14],"literature":[15],"has":[16,113,195],"shown":[17],"that":[18,56,142],"in":[19,89,110,125],"repeated":[20,90,128],"settings,":[21],"evolution":[22],"self-interest":[24],"can":[25,214],"lead":[26],"helping":[28],"others":[29],"at":[30],"a":[31,179,193,208],"cost":[32],"yourself,":[34],"because":[35],"reciprocity":[37],"concerns":[38],"(i.e.":[39],"You":[40],"scratch":[41,45],"my":[42],"back,":[43],"I":[44],"yours).":[46],"problem":[48],"for":[49,64,86,165],"reciprocal":[50],"cooperation,":[51],"however,":[52],"is":[53],"the":[54,62,100,126,143,153],"fact":[55],"many":[57],"real":[58],"world":[59,209],"settings":[60],"involve":[61],"potential":[63],"errors":[65],"misunderstandings.":[67],"Was":[68],"your":[69],"partner's":[70],"lack":[71],"cooperation":[73,191],"intentional":[74],"deserving":[76],"punishment,":[78],"or":[79,171],"just":[80],"an":[81,120],"honest":[82],"mistake?":[83],"Theoretical":[84],"solutions":[85],"optimal":[87],"play":[88],"games":[91],"with":[92,131],"error":[93],"have":[94],"been":[95],"explored":[96],"extensively,":[97],"most":[98,144],"notably":[99],"strategy":[101],"Win-Stay-Lose-Shift":[102],"(or":[103],"Perfect":[104],"tit-for-tat),":[105],"but":[106],"actual":[107],"behavior":[109],"such":[111],"situations":[112],"received":[114],"little":[115],"attention.":[116],"Here":[117],"we":[118,140],"present":[119],"experiment":[121],"examining":[122],"strategies":[123,149,158],"used":[124],"(infinitely)":[127],"Prisoner's":[129],"Dilemma":[130],"errors.":[132],"We":[133,176],"find":[134,141,178],"no":[135],"evidence":[136],"Win-Stay-Lose-Shift.":[138],"Instead,":[139],"common":[145],"successful":[147],"variants":[151,201],"classical":[154],"Tit-For-Tat":[155,200],"Grim":[157,205],"which":[159],"lenient":[161],"-":[162],"they":[163],"wait":[164],"their":[166],"partner":[167],"defect":[169],"two":[170],"three":[172],"times":[173],"before":[174],"punishing.":[175],"also":[177],"high":[180,198],"level":[181],"forgiveness,":[183],"where":[184],"subjects":[185],"willing":[187],"return":[189],"after":[192],"breakdown":[194],"occurred":[196],"(at":[197],"payoffs,":[199],"favored":[203],"over":[204],"variants).":[206],"In":[207],"imperfect":[211],"actions,":[212],"it":[213],"pay":[215],"be":[217],"slow":[218],"anger":[220],"fast":[222],"forgive.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-09-29T14:09:16.559479","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}