{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2258628095","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensci.2015.12.002","title":"Incidence and risk factors for neuropsychiatric events among Ghanaian HIV patients on long-term non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based therapy","display_name":"Incidence and risk factors for neuropsychiatric events among Ghanaian HIV patients on long-term non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based therapy","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-01-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2258628095","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensci.2015.12.002","mag":"2258628095","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29430531","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5803068"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ensci.2015.12.002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensci.2015.12.002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensci.2015.12.002","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405650216000034/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2898211317","display_name":"eNeurologicalSci","issn_l":"2405-6502","issn":["2405-6502"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-40"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"eNeurologicalSci","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405650216000034/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076703292","display_name":"Fred Stephen Sarfo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7274-5093","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7274-5093"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799504885","display_name":"Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05ks08368","country_code":"GH","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799504885"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28046988","display_name":"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00cb23x68","country_code":"GH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28046988"]}],"countries":["GH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fred S. Sarfo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana","Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799504885"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology, Kumasi, Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28046988"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070780375","display_name":"Maame Anima Sarfo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799504885","display_name":"Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05ks08368","country_code":"GH","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799504885"]}],"countries":["GH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maame A. Sarfo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799504885"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072739448","display_name":"David Chadwick","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7955-9610","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7955-9610"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801184099","display_name":"James Cook University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02vqh3346","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801184099","https://openalex.org/I286970279"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Chadwick","raw_affiliation_strings":["The James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801184099"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076703292"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799504885","https://openalex.org/I28046988"],"apc_list":{"value":3260,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3260},"apc_paid":{"value":3260,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3260},"fwci":1.2314,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79521197,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":null,"first_page":"21","last_page":"25"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10526","display_name":"HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10526","display_name":"HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11655","display_name":"HIV-related health complications and treatments","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2711","display_name":"Emergency Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10112","display_name":"HIV Research and Treatment","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2406","display_name":"Virology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuropsychiatric-toxicity","display_name":"neuropsychiatric toxicity","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv","display_name":"HIV","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-nucleoside-reverse-transcriptase-inhibitors","display_name":"non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efavirenz","display_name":"efavirenz","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nevirapine","display_name":"nevirapine","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antiretroviral-therapy","display_name":"antiretroviral therapy","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/insomnia","display_name":"insomnia","score":0.699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-adverse-events","display_name":"drug adverse events","score":0.460999995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-factors","display_name":"risk factors","score":0.8510000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/body-mass-index","display_name":"body mass index","score":0.9210000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ghana","display_name":"Ghana","score":0.5059999823570251}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781432083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422645","display_name":"Efavirenz","level":5,"score":0.8706128597259521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8134839534759521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779130552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q263713","display_name":"Nevirapine","level":5,"score":0.6601606011390686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29730261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274160","display_name":"Toxicity","level":2,"score":0.5704054236412048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777351918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421559","display_name":"Reverse-transcriptase inhibitor","level":5,"score":0.5411379337310791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197934379","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2047938","display_name":"Adverse effect","level":2,"score":0.5317386984825134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.5173108577728271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61511704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857","display_name":"Incidence (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.46672073006629944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23131810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q818574","display_name":"Observational study","level":2,"score":0.45406574010849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.32802724838256836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142462285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2528140","display_name":"Viral load","level":3,"score":0.264737606048584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993143319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583050","display_name":"Antiretroviral therapy","level":4,"score":0.18507322669029236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.1592196822166443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3013748606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15787","display_name":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)","level":2,"score":0.15629857778549194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ensci.2015.12.002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensci.2015.12.002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensci.2015.12.002","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405650216000034/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2898211317","display_name":"eNeurologicalSci","issn_l":"2405-6502","issn":["2405-6502"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-40"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"eNeurologicalSci","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:5803068","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/5803068","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"eNeurologicalSci","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:29430531","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29430531","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"eNeurologicalSci","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7f53aa40041c4ead98293e91a1301ae0","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7f53aa40041c4ead98293e91a1301ae0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"eNeurologicalSci, Vol 3, Iss C, Pp 21-25 (2016)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ensci.2015.12.002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensci.2015.12.002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensci.2015.12.002","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405650216000034/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2898211317","display_name":"eNeurologicalSci","issn_l":"2405-6502","issn":["2405-6502"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-40"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"eNeurologicalSci","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314960","display_name":"HIV Research Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/00fevpc76"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2258628095.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2258628095.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W173494530","https://openalex.org/W335556464","https://openalex.org/W1910280141","https://openalex.org/W1966245088","https://openalex.org/W1996747410","https://openalex.org/W2009037746","https://openalex.org/W2030105860","https://openalex.org/W2054022938","https://openalex.org/W2055351311","https://openalex.org/W2058207881","https://openalex.org/W2089182335","https://openalex.org/W2093786954","https://openalex.org/W2094241860","https://openalex.org/W2108373753","https://openalex.org/W2130177272","https://openalex.org/W2138670057","https://openalex.org/W2145467751","https://openalex.org/W2148303082","https://openalex.org/W2149185709","https://openalex.org/W2159272807","https://openalex.org/W2183940924","https://openalex.org/W2313885872","https://openalex.org/W2321852728","https://openalex.org/W2412827485","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2108373753","https://openalex.org/W6902195585","https://openalex.org/W2011028124","https://openalex.org/W2412827485","https://openalex.org/W2316311942","https://openalex.org/W2044506291","https://openalex.org/W2733022910","https://openalex.org/W7011809660","https://openalex.org/W3123969034","https://openalex.org/W2085377523"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Non-nucleoside":[0],"reverse":[1],"transcriptase":[2],"inhibitor":[3],"(NNRTI)-based":[4],"antiretroviral":[5],"therapy":[6],"(ART)":[7],"is":[8,14],"associated":[9,193],"with":[10,86,143,194,255],"neuropsychiatric":[11,23,44,68,84,124,175,195,233,236],"toxicity.":[12],"Little":[13],"known":[15],"about":[16],"the":[17,41,154,269],"risk":[18,42],"of":[19,43,66,83,112,123,129,158,203,210,218,222,230],"short-":[20],"and":[21,54,73,89,161,186,208],"long-term":[22],"toxicity":[24,45,69,85,125,196,223],"in":[25,33,46,167,226,245,265,268],"sub-Saharan":[26,266],"Africa,":[27],"where":[28],"NNRTIs":[29,88],"are":[30],"widely":[31],"used":[32],"first-line":[34,50,263],"combination":[35],"ART.":[36],"This":[37],"observational":[38,63],"study":[39],"assessed":[40,72],"Ghanaian":[47,247],"patients":[48,102,231],"starting":[49],"ART":[51,159],"between":[52],"2004":[53],"2010":[55],"at":[56,126],"a":[57,79,110,127,168],"single":[58],"centre.":[59],"In":[60],"this":[61,246],"retrospective":[62],"study,":[64],"frequencies":[65],"documented":[67,244],"events":[70,76,131],"were":[71,93,107,140,150,179,197],"time":[74],"to":[75,164,228,240],"calculated":[77],"using":[78,95],"Kaplan\u2013Meier":[80],"analysis.":[81],"Associations":[82],"specific":[87],"other":[90],"explanatory":[91],"variables":[92],"examined":[94],"Cox":[96],"proportional":[97],"hazards":[98],"modelling.":[99],"Of":[100],"3999":[101],"initiating":[103],"NNRTI-based":[104],"ART,":[105],"who":[106],"followed":[108],"for":[109],"median":[111],"30":[113],"(0.25\u201390)":[114],"months":[115,157,166],"(11,237":[116],"person":[117],"years),":[118],"218":[119],"(5.5%)":[120],"reported":[121,152,174,225],"symptoms":[122],"rate":[128],"21.4":[130],"per":[132],"1000":[133],"person-years":[134],"(95%":[135],"CI,":[136,206,215],"18.8\u201324.2/1000":[137],"py).":[138],"Events":[139],"more":[141,256],"common":[142],"efavirenz":[144,211],"than":[145],"nevirapine":[146],"(7.6%":[147],"versus":[148],"2.4%),":[149],"usually":[151],"within":[153],"first":[155],"2":[156],"initiation":[160],"persisted":[162],"up":[163,227],"84":[165],"few":[169],"patients.":[170],"The":[171,190],"most":[172],"commonly":[173],"adverse":[176],"drug":[177],"reactions":[178],"insomnia":[180],"(50%),":[181],"headaches":[182],"(8%),":[183],"dizziness":[184],"(7%)":[185],"abnormal":[187],"dreams":[188],"(6%).":[189],"factors":[191],"independently":[192],"BMI":[198],"<":[199],"16":[200],"kg/m2":[201],"(aHR":[202,212],"1.44":[204],"[95%":[205,214],"1.02\u20132.03])":[207],"use":[209],"3.29":[213],"2.32\u20134.69]).":[216],"Substitution":[217],"NNRTI":[219],"on":[220],"account":[221],"was":[224,242],"17%":[229],"experiencing":[232],"events.":[234],"NNRTI-related":[235],"toxicity,":[237],"mainly":[238],"due":[239],"efavirenz,":[241],"infrequently":[243],"cohort":[248],"under":[249],"routine":[250],"clinical":[251],"care":[252],"settings.":[253],"Regimens":[254],"favourable":[257],"tolerability":[258],"will":[259],"be":[260],"needed":[261],"as":[262],"agents":[264],"Africa":[267],"coming":[270],"years.":[271]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}