{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2256928619","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/20068871","title":"\"The Past Never Vanishes\": A Contextual Critique of the Existing Indian Family Doctrine","display_name":"\"The Past Never Vanishes\": A Contextual Critique of the Existing Indian Family Doctrine","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2256928619","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/20068871","mag":"2256928619"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/20068871","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/20068871","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/20068871","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179730","display_name":"American Indian Law Review","issn_l":"0094-002X","issn":["0094-002X","1930-7918"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316308","host_organization_name":"University of Oklahoma College of Law","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316308"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Oklahoma College of Law"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Indian Law Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024092774","display_name":"Lorie M. Graham","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24306055","display_name":"Suffolk University","ror":"https://ror.org/05y50nr98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24306055"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lorie M. Graham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Suffolk University Law School"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Suffolk University Law School","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24306055"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024092774"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24306055"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.367,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98188661,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13879","display_name":"Indigenous Peoples' Rights and Law","score":0.9262999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13879","display_name":"Indigenous Peoples' Rights and Law","score":0.9262999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13096","display_name":"Family and Matrimonial Law","score":0.020500000566244125,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13864","display_name":"Indigenous Cultures and History","score":0.016100000590085983,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-assimilation","display_name":"cultural assimilation","score":0.5649999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federal-indian-policy","display_name":"federal Indian policy","score":0.7419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tribal-self-determination","display_name":"tribal self-determination","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/navajo-nation","display_name":"Navajo Nation","score":0.6610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boarding-schools","display_name":"boarding schools","score":0.5329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/american-indian-children","display_name":"Native American children","score":0.41499999165534973}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781222102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13310","display_name":"Navajo","level":2,"score":0.7823363542556763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992135444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4232928","display_name":"Native american","level":2,"score":0.7192424535751343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777935177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430789","display_name":"Foster care","level":2,"score":0.573083758354187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100243477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12002092","display_name":"Welfare","level":2,"score":0.5635320544242859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777617010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18957","display_name":"Mainstream","level":2,"score":0.5436460971832275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5205305814743042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.4859100878238678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777351106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49371","display_name":"Legislation","level":2,"score":0.45973148941993713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776211767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117850","display_name":"Doctrine","level":2,"score":0.4470055103302002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780755764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6021965","display_name":"Indian country","level":2,"score":0.4236634075641632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.29692238569259644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2549261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43455","display_name":"Ethnology","level":1,"score":0.18428120017051697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/20068871","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/20068871","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/20068871","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210179730","display_name":"American Indian Law Review","issn_l":"0094-002X","issn":["0094-002X","1930-7918"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316308","host_organization_name":"University of Oklahoma College of Law","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316308"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Oklahoma College of Law"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Indian Law Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.law.ou.edu:ailr-1318","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.law.ou.edu/ailr/vol23/iss1/2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196510","display_name":"University of Oklahoma College of Law - Digital Commons (University of Oklahoma)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I8692664","host_organization_name":"University of Oklahoma","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8692664"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"American Indian Law Review","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.6601999998092651,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315885","display_name":"Australian Government","ror":"https://ror.org/0314h5y94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":1,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W104428717"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2240915104","https://openalex.org/W1590847894","https://openalex.org/W3207809587","https://openalex.org/W809408292","https://openalex.org/W7036318527","https://openalex.org/W7058427366","https://openalex.org/W4221084815","https://openalex.org/W4235338360","https://openalex.org/W2511649231","https://openalex.org/W4392251974"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"I":[0,9],"don't":[1],"know":[2],"my":[3,25],"own":[4],"culture,":[5],".":[6,7,8,18,19,20,21],"am":[10],"going":[11],"to":[12,41,93,112,120,148,163,210,214,251,262,270,278,334],"need":[13],"your":[14],"help":[15],"in":[16,110,189,235,303],"understanding":[17],"Teach":[22],"me,":[23],"teach":[24],"children.":[26],"These":[27],"are":[28,84],"the":[29,42,61,95,98,108,113,158,167,221,230,252,256,271,274,297,311,317,335],"words":[30],"of":[31,97,103,116,142,160,173,202,223,229,241,273,296,299,316],"a":[32,78,140,190,233,293,314],"forty-three-year-old":[33],"Navajo":[34,43],"woman":[35],"on":[36,60],"her":[37,46,54,69],"first":[38],"visit":[39],"back":[40],"Nation":[44],"since":[45],"birth.":[47],"Stolen":[48],"as":[49,255],"an":[50],"infant,":[51],"along":[52],"with":[53,68,292],"twin":[55],"brother,":[56],"and":[57,71,88,126,132,165,170,267,322],"adopted":[58],"out":[59,212],"black":[62],"market,":[63],"she":[64],"was":[65,157],"finally":[66],"reunited":[67],"family":[70],"community.":[72],"Her":[73],"journey":[74],"home":[75],"comes":[76],"at":[77,154,220],"time":[79],"when":[80],"Native":[81,117,174,181,224,244],"American":[82,118,175,182,225,245,300],"nations":[83],"fighting":[85],"proposed":[86],"legislation":[87,266],"court-made":[89],"rules":[90],"that":[91,145,180,328],"seek":[92],"limit":[94],"reach":[96],"Indian":[99,150,215,237,258,301,319],"Child":[100],"Welfare":[101],"Act":[102],"1978":[104],"(ICWA).":[105],"Congress":[106],"passed":[107],"ICWA":[109,231],"response":[111],"massive":[114],"displacement":[115],"children":[119,183,302],"non-Indian":[121,191],"adoptive":[122],"homes,":[123],"foster":[124],"care,":[125],"educational":[127],"institutions":[128],"by":[129],"federal,":[130],"state":[131],"private":[133],"child":[134,151],"welfare":[135,152],"authorities.":[136],"While":[137],"there":[138],"were":[139,184],"myriad":[141],"interrelated":[143],"factors":[144],"led":[146],"up":[147,188],"this":[149,264,289,304,307],"crisis,":[153],"its":[155],"core":[156],"failure":[159],"mainstream":[161],"society":[162],"recognize":[164],"respect":[166],"cultural":[168],"values":[169],"social":[171],"norms":[172],"nations.":[176,246],"The":[177,227],"assimilative":[178,287],"attitudes":[179],"better":[185],"off":[186],"growing":[187],"environment":[192],"did":[193],"not":[194],"surface":[195],"overnight.":[196],"Rather":[197],"it":[198],"percolated":[199],"from":[200,207],"centuries":[201],"U.S.":[203],"sanctioned":[204],"policies":[205,272],"-":[206,218],"boarding":[208],"schools,":[209],"placing":[211],"programs,":[213],"adoption":[216],"projects":[217],"aimed":[219],"erasure":[222],"cultures.":[226],"passage":[228],"marked":[232],"reversal":[234],"federal":[236],"policy":[238],"toward":[239],"one":[240],"self-determination":[242],"for":[243],"However,":[247],"judicially":[248,282],"created":[249,283],"exceptions":[250,284],"ICWA,":[253],"such":[254],"Existing":[257,318],"Family":[259,320],"doctrine,":[260],"threaten":[261],"undermine":[263],"landmark":[265],"return":[268],"us":[269],"past.":[275],"In":[276],"order":[277],"demonstrate":[279],"how":[280],"these":[281],"perpetuate":[285],"past":[286],"attitudes,":[288],"article":[290,312],"begins":[291],"historical":[294,309],"discussion":[295],"treatment":[298],"country.":[305],"Within":[306],"larger":[308],"context,":[310],"provides":[313],"critique":[315],"Doctrine":[321],"explores":[323],"some":[324],"current":[325],"ideological":[326],"debates":[327],"may":[329],"be":[330],"underlying":[331],"recent":[332],"challenges":[333],"ICWA.":[336]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}