{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2255065425","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1570162x13666150121113217","title":"Characterization of HBV Among HBV/HIV-1 Co-Infected Injecting Drug Users from Mombasa, Kenya","display_name":"Characterization of HBV Among HBV/HIV-1 Co-Infected Injecting Drug Users from Mombasa, Kenya","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-06-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2255065425","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1570162x13666150121113217","mag":"2255065425","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25613131"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2174/1570162x13666150121113217","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1570162x13666150121113217","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1570162x13666150121113217","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S203872900","display_name":"Current HIV Research","issn_l":"1570-162X","issn":["1570-162X","1873-4251"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320079","host_organization_name":"Bentham Science Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Bentham Science Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current HIV Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008151270","display_name":"Rukia M. Kibaya","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rukia Kibaya","raw_affiliation_strings":[",0"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":",0","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041025587","display_name":"Raphael Wekesa Lihana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1943-4920","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1943-4920"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2841861","display_name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04r1cxt79","country_code":"KE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2841861"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raphael Lihana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Virus Research, Box 54628 00200, Nairobi, Kenya. lihanaraphael@gmail.com",",0"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Virus Research, Box 54628 00200, Nairobi, Kenya. lihanaraphael@gmail.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2841861"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":",0","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001854777","display_name":"Michael Kibet Kiptoo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2960-2449","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2960-2449"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Kiptoo","raw_affiliation_strings":[",0"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":",0","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027793757","display_name":"Elijah  Maritim Songok","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7790-7063","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7790-7063"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elijah Songok","raw_affiliation_strings":[",0"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":",0","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112499841","display_name":"Zipporah Ng\u2019ang\u2019a","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zipporah Ng\u2019ang\u2019a","raw_affiliation_strings":[",0"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":",0","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047163566","display_name":"Saida Osman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saida Osman","raw_affiliation_strings":[",0"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":",0","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110698310","display_name":"Azumi Ishizaki","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Azumi Ishizaki","raw_affiliation_strings":[",0"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":",0","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063847275","display_name":"Xiuqiong Bi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5569-1724","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5569-1724"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiuqiong Bi","raw_affiliation_strings":[",0"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":",0","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109143844","display_name":"Fredrick A. Okoth","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fredrick Okoth","raw_affiliation_strings":[",0"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":",0","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101425835","display_name":"Hiroshi Ichimura","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4478-1964","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4478-1964"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hiroshi Ichimura","raw_affiliation_strings":[",0"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":",0","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022392243","display_name":"Raphael Lwembe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5877-1367","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5877-1367"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2841861","display_name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04r1cxt79","country_code":"KE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2841861"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raphael Lwembe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Virus Research, Box 54628 00200, Nairobi, Kenya.,Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kenya Medical Research Institute, Center for Virus Research, Box 54628 00200, Nairobi, Kenya.,Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2841861"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5021,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68790735,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"4","first_page":"292","last_page":"299"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10340","display_name":"Hepatitis B Virus Studies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10340","display_name":"Hepatitis B Virus Studies","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10151","display_name":"Hepatitis C virus research","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2721","display_name":"Hepatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10146","display_name":"Cervical Cancer and HPV Research","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hepatitis-b-virus","display_name":"hepatitis B virus","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/people-who-inject-drugs","display_name":"people who inject drugs","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hbv-prevalence","display_name":"HBV prevalence","score":0.675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phylogenetic-analysis","display_name":"phylogenetic analysis","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission-networks","display_name":"transmission networks","score":0.5220000147819519}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777410769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2282887","display_name":"HBsAg","level":4,"score":0.8495975732803345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780593183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6844","display_name":"Hepatitis B virus","level":3,"score":0.7079424858093262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.706049919128418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6091731786727905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5934452414512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6853","display_name":"Hepatitis B","level":2,"score":0.5730968117713928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135763542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106016","display_name":"Genotype","level":3,"score":0.564167857170105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187651312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114","display_name":"Kenya","level":2,"score":0.4412556290626526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.3389163613319397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.2720404267311096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522874641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q808","display_name":"Virus","level":2,"score":0.24129867553710938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.17993813753128052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.05439844727516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005838","descriptor_name":"Genotype","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006509","descriptor_name":"Hepatitis B","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006509","descriptor_name":"Hepatitis B","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006514","descriptor_name":"Hepatitis B Surface Antigens","qualifier_ui":"Q000097","qualifier_name":"blood","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006515","descriptor_name":"Hepatitis B virus","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007630","descriptor_name":"Kenya","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008969","descriptor_name":"Molecular Sequence Data","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015497","descriptor_name":"HIV-1","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000821","qualifier_name":"virology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015819","descriptor_name":"Substance Abuse, Intravenous","qualifier_ui":"Q000821","qualifier_name":"virology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015995","descriptor_name":"Prevalence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016133","descriptor_name":"Polymerase Chain Reaction","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060085","descriptor_name":"Coinfection","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060085","descriptor_name":"Coinfection","qualifier_ui":"Q000821","qualifier_name":"virology","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2174/1570162x13666150121113217","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1570162x13666150121113217","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2174/1570162x13666150121113217","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S203872900","display_name":"Current HIV Research","issn_l":"1570-162X","issn":["1570-162X","1873-4251"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320079","host_organization_name":"Bentham Science Publishers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Bentham Science Publishers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current HIV Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:25613131","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25613131","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Current HIV research","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.979200005531311,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6111478432","display_name":"Survey on the measures against viral hepatitis in developing countries of Asia and Africa","funder_award_id":"15H05289","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3134100810","https://openalex.org/W4404668082","https://openalex.org/W2086600767","https://openalex.org/W2611000717","https://openalex.org/W4225562105","https://openalex.org/W2911699242","https://openalex.org/W2097097966","https://openalex.org/W4366086637","https://openalex.org/W2035553003","https://openalex.org/W2180237459"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Hepatitis":[1,106],"B":[2,107],"(HBV)":[3],"and":[4,33,82,139,168],"Human":[5],"Immunodeficiency":[6],"virus":[7],"(HIV)":[8],"are":[9,21],"both":[10],"bloodborne":[11],"viruses.":[12],"Markers":[13],"of":[14,60,135,180,215,251],"either":[15],"active":[16],"or":[17,40],"past":[18],"HBV":[19,29,84,117,136,189,197,216,263],"infection":[20],"present":[22],"in":[23,85,103,164,166,190,221,257,265],"many":[24],"HIV":[25],"infected":[26],"patients.":[27],"Worldwide,":[28],"prevalence":[30,44,59,81,214],"varies":[31,45],"geographically":[32],"endemicity":[34],"is":[35],"classified":[36],"as":[37,73],"low":[38],"(<2%)":[39],"high":[41],"(>8%).":[42],"Genotypically,":[43],"among":[46,218,255],"different":[47],"populations,":[48],"with":[49,70,149],"genotype":[50,71,210],"A":[51,72],"having":[52],"a":[53,252],"wide":[54],"distribution.":[55],"In":[56],"Kenya,":[57],"the":[58,68,74,80,153,181,191,243],"HIV-1/HBV":[61],"co-infection":[62,217],"ranges":[63],"from":[64,92,100,152,162,194,229,237,242],"6-53%":[65],"depending":[66],"on":[67],"sub-population,":[69],"most":[75],"common.":[76],"OBJECTIVE:":[77],"To":[78],"determine":[79],"characterize":[83],"HBV/HIV":[86],"co-infected":[87],"injecting":[88],"drug":[89],"users":[90],"(IDUs)":[91],"Mombasa,":[93,104,222],"Kenya.":[94,105],"METHODS:":[95],"Blood":[96],"samples":[97,159,183],"were":[98,160,175,185,201,235],"collected":[99,161],"HIV-infected":[101,219],"IDUs":[102,163,220,256],"surface":[108],"antigen":[109],"(HBsAg)":[110],"was":[111,119,129,146,224],"tested":[112],"by":[113,121,132,177],"enzyme":[114],"immunoassay":[115],"(EIA).":[116],"DNA":[118],"extracted":[120],"SMITEST":[122],"R&D":[123],"kit.":[124],"Polymerase":[125],"chain":[126],"reaction":[127],"(PCR)":[128],"done;":[130],"followed":[131],"population":[133],"sequencing":[134],"preS,":[137],"core":[138],"full":[140,198],"genome":[141],"using":[142],"specific":[143],"primers.":[144],"Analysis":[145],"done":[147],"phylogenetically":[148],"reference":[150,240],"sequences":[151,200,227,241],"Genbank.":[154,244],"RESULTS:":[155],"Seventy":[156],"two":[157],"HIV-positive":[158],"Mombasa":[165],"February":[167],"March":[169],"2010.":[170],"Of":[171],"these,":[172,195],"10":[173,182],"(13.89%)":[174],"HBsAg-positive":[176],"EIA.":[178],"Nine":[179],"(12.5%)":[184],"PCR":[186],"positive":[187],"for":[188],"preS":[192],"region;":[193],"four":[196],"length":[199],"obtained.":[202],"Phylogenetic":[203],"analysis":[204],"showed":[205,232],"that":[206,234,262],"all":[207],"belonged":[208],"to":[209,248],"A1.":[211],"CONCLUSION:":[212],"The":[213,245],"Kenya":[223,266],"12.5%.":[225],"Phylogenetically,":[226],"obtained":[228],"this":[230],"study":[231],"clusters":[233],"distinct":[236],"reported":[238],"Kenyan":[239],"findings":[246],"point":[247],"an":[249],"existence":[250],"transmission":[253],"network":[254],"Mombasa.":[258],"This":[259],"further":[260],"suggests":[261],"genotypes":[264],"may":[267],"be":[268],"regionally":[269],"diverse.":[270]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}