{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2244659270","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.6301","title":"Q-ing tumor glutaminase therapy","display_name":"Q-ing tumor glutaminase therapy","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2244659270","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.6301","mag":"2244659270","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26564960"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18632/oncotarget.6301","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.6301","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.6301","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.6301","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126644158","display_name":"Oncotarget","issn_l":"1949-2553","issn":["1949-2553"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","medline"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316297","host_organization_name":"Impact Journals LLC","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316297"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Impact Journals LLC"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Oncotarget","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.6301","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006901424","display_name":"Zachary E. Stine","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4390039297","display_name":"Abramson Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01hvpjq66","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143392","https://openalex.org/I4390039297"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zachary E. Stine","raw_affiliation_strings":["Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA","Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania","Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute,","Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4390039297","https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4390039297","https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4390039297"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067716685","display_name":"Chi Van Dang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4031-2522","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4031-2522"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4390039297","display_name":"Abramson Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01hvpjq66","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210143392","https://openalex.org/I4390039297"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79576946","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chi V. Dang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA","Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania","Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute,","Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4390039297","https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4390039297","https://openalex.org/I79576946"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4390039297"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79576946"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067716685"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4390039297","https://openalex.org/I79576946"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1967,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.51775956,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"36","first_page":"38440","last_page":"38441"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10631","display_name":"Cancer, Hypoxia, and Metabolism","score":0.8852999806404114,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1306","display_name":"Cancer Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10631","display_name":"Cancer, Hypoxia, and Metabolism","score":0.8852999806404114,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1306","display_name":"Cancer Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12770","display_name":"Amino Acid Enzymes and Metabolism","score":0.09130000323057175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1303","display_name":"Biochemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12996","display_name":"Cancer Research and Treatments","score":0.00419999985024333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1305","display_name":"Biotechnology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glutaminase","display_name":"glutaminase","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glutamine-metabolism","display_name":"glutamine metabolism","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tumor-metabolism","display_name":"cancer metabolism","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer-metabolic-reprogramming","display_name":"tumor metabolic reprogramming","score":0.640999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/c-myc","display_name":"c-Myc","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/warburg-effect","display_name":"Warburg effect","score":0.6769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bptes","display_name":"BPTES","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glutamine-analogs","display_name":"glutamine analogs","score":0.5339999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glutamine-deprivation","display_name":"glutamine deprivation","score":0.4020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/slc1a5","display_name":"SLC1A5","score":0.6520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gls2","display_name":"GLS2","score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tricarboxylic-acid-cycle","display_name":"TCA cycle","score":0.6060000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glutamate-dehydrogenase","display_name":"glutamate dehydrogenase","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glutamine-transporter","display_name":"glutamine transporter","score":0.33399999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tumor-microenvironment","display_name":"tumor microenvironment","score":0.4090000092983246}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109549099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24773687","display_name":"Glutaminase","level":4,"score":0.9038376808166504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165135838","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133895","display_name":"Citric acid cycle","level":3,"score":0.8402810096740723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779349466","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181619","display_name":"Glutamine","level":3,"score":0.8212401866912842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109156525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56770304","display_name":"Warburg effect","level":4,"score":0.8127158284187317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778160063","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1532402","display_name":"Glutaminolysis","level":4,"score":0.7367393970489502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777202666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q417383","display_name":"Glutamate dehydrogenase","level":4,"score":0.6360100507736206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55885012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4750801","display_name":"Anaerobic glycolysis","level":4,"score":0.5661923289299011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86554907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285613","display_name":"PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway","level":3,"score":0.5613644123077393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.534785270690918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62231903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1057","display_name":"Metabolism","level":2,"score":0.4906245768070221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20251656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162643","display_name":"Glycolysis","level":3,"score":0.4761117398738861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776441662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2823314","display_name":"Tricarboxylic acid","level":4,"score":0.4747489094734192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.4663832187652588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96232424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4118072","display_name":"Cancer cell","level":3,"score":0.4596185088157654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776107976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1786433","display_name":"Tumor microenvironment","level":3,"score":0.4499005079269409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502942594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3421914","display_name":"Cancer research","level":1,"score":0.3621596693992615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.32511448860168457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C515207424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8066","display_name":"Amino acid","level":2,"score":0.2990000545978546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62478195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828130","display_name":"Signal transduction","level":2,"score":0.25523799657821655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61174792","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420510","display_name":"Glutamate receptor","level":3,"score":0.1809595227241516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170493617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208467","display_name":"Receptor","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020616263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1216998","display_name":"Tumor cells","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004791","descriptor_name":"Enzyme Inhibitors","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004791","descriptor_name":"Enzyme Inhibitors","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004791","descriptor_name":"Enzyme Inhibitors","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005972","descriptor_name":"Glutaminase","qualifier_ui":"Q000037","qualifier_name":"antagonists & inhibitors","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005972","descriptor_name":"Glutaminase","qualifier_ui":"Q000037","qualifier_name":"antagonists & inhibitors","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005972","descriptor_name":"Glutaminase","qualifier_ui":"Q000037","qualifier_name":"antagonists & inhibitors","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005972","descriptor_name":"Glutaminase","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005972","descriptor_name":"Glutaminase","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005972","descriptor_name":"Glutaminase","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005973","descriptor_name":"Glutamine","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005973","descriptor_name":"Glutamine","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005973","descriptor_name":"Glutamine","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000201","qualifier_name":"enzymology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000201","qualifier_name":"enzymology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009369","descriptor_name":"Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000201","qualifier_name":"enzymology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D051379","descriptor_name":"Mice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D051379","descriptor_name":"Mice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D051379","descriptor_name":"Mice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18632/oncotarget.6301","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.6301","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.6301","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.6301","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126644158","display_name":"Oncotarget","issn_l":"1949-2553","issn":["1949-2553"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","medline"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316297","host_organization_name":"Impact Journals LLC","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316297"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Impact Journals LLC"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Oncotarget","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:26564960","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26564960","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Oncotarget","raw_type":"Editorial"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:3766131","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4770710","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:4770710","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4770710","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Oncotarget","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.18632/oncotarget.6301","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.6301","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.6301","pdf_url":"https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.6301","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S126644158","display_name":"Oncotarget","issn_l":"1949-2553","issn":["1949-2553"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","medline"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316297","host_organization_name":"Impact Journals LLC","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316297"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Impact Journals LLC"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Oncotarget","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9391000270843506,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8100000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1023269327","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01 CA051497","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","funder_display_name":"National Cancer Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","display_name":"National Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040gcmg81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2244659270.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2244659270.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2004574994","https://openalex.org/W2021536610","https://openalex.org/W2036659083","https://openalex.org/W2051181260","https://openalex.org/W2052543023","https://openalex.org/W2086816631","https://openalex.org/W2132117833"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2563696845","https://openalex.org/W3095609398","https://openalex.org/W1998868825","https://openalex.org/W4231382750","https://openalex.org/W4205157372","https://openalex.org/W4389571508","https://openalex.org/W3120626955","https://openalex.org/W2074873270","https://openalex.org/W2980249524","https://openalex.org/W1923090953"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cancer":[0],"cells":[1,618],"reprogram":[2,684],"metabolism":[3,30,62,88,230,320,686,702,720,735,833],"to":[4,17,49,113,155,181,216,270,317,325,359,391,418,428,462,480,525,577,583,640,668,677,751,765,790,799,822,873],"provide":[5],"the":[6,22,35,52,67,72,84,91,120,126,158,167,182,201,209,217,220,235,245,261,301,329,354,372,397,419,441,482,502,513,572,575,645,663,693,715,758,776,791,877],"energy,":[7],"nucleotides,":[8],"lipids,":[9],"amino":[10,123,845],"acids":[11],"and":[12,19,71,80,93,106,136,143,148,172,264,268,283,288,299,343,386,394,401,457,537,565,601,632,653,683,721,736,768,785,814,850],"other":[13,81],"building":[14,239],"blocks":[15,240],"required":[16],"proliferate":[18],"survive":[20],"in":[21,28,34,60,125,162,203,226,250,295,341,344,408,469,496,503,535,540,587,620,630,681,687,691,714,816,838,857,876,883,886],"stressful":[23],"tumor":[24,87,670,694,728,827],"microenvironment":[25],"[1].":[26],"Changes":[27],"cancer":[29,61,297,596],"were":[31],"first":[32,302],"noted":[33],"1920's":[36],"with":[37,321,415,437,446,451,512,552,662,898],"Otto":[38],"Warburg's":[39,213],"discovery":[40,68],"that":[41,69,219,256,378,396,413,489,580,591,608,746,773,891,900],"tumors":[42,111,381,436,449,579,609,801],"show":[43,590,895],"increased":[44,383,454,738],"aerobic":[45],"conversion":[46],"of":[47,58,75,86,95,108,141,237,244,286,304,331,356,366,399,403,424,440,484,506,515,594,637,647,650,657,666,696,740,749,757,771,793,806,855,879],"glucose":[48],"lactate":[50],"(termed":[51],"Warburg":[53,262],"Effect).":[54],"A":[55],"recent":[56,605],"revival":[57],"interest":[59],"has":[63,556,674],"been":[64,628,675,812],"fueled":[65],"by":[66,89,103,132,157,166,189,508,528,532,705],"hypoxia":[70],"constitutive":[73],"activation":[74,105],"MYC,":[76],"KRAS,":[77],"PI3K/AKT/mTOR":[78],"signaling":[79,849],"pathways":[82],"drives":[83,265],"rewiring":[85],"controlling":[90,840],"expression":[92,285,385,389,514,713,739,756,770],"activity":[94],"key":[96],"metabolic":[97],"enzymes.":[98],"The":[99,853],"sustained":[100],"proliferation":[101,442],"driven":[102],"oncogene":[104],"loss":[107],"checkpoints":[109],"leaves":[110],"\u2018addicted\u2019":[112],"reprogrammed":[114,733],"metabolism,":[115,839,903],"opening":[116],"a":[117,139,253,309,351,361,473,478,516,547,621,654,725,835],"therapeutic":[118,638,831],"window.\r\n\r\nGlutamine,":[119],"most":[121,246],"abundant":[122],"acid":[124,184,846],"blood,":[127],"can":[128,152,177,207,698],"be":[129,153,179,612,823],"taken":[130],"up":[131],"transporters":[133],"(including":[134],"SLC1A5/ASCT2)":[135],"utilized":[137],"as":[138,477,568,613,617,782],"source":[140],"carbon":[142],"nitrogen":[144],"for":[145,234,531,778,868],"energy":[146],"production":[147],"biosynthesis":[149,267],"[2].":[150,623,819],"Glutamine":[151],"converted":[154,180,524],"glutamate":[156,190,459,526,766],"enzyme":[159],"glutaminase,":[160,529],"which,":[161],"humans,":[163],"is":[164,197,252,292,405,523,703],"encoded":[165,530],"genes":[168,249,772],"GLS":[169,289,291,334,357,400,420,447,485,519,533,569,584,602,641,752,759,779,856,863,880,892],"(kidneytype":[170],"glutaminase)":[171],"GLS2":[173,404,538,786],"(liver-type":[174],"glutaminase).":[175],"Glutamate":[176],"then":[178],"tricarboxylic":[183],"(TCA)":[185],"cycle":[186,222],"intermediate":[187],"\u03b1-ketoglutarate":[188,206],"dehydrogenase":[191],"or":[192,908],"transaminases.":[193],"While":[194,314,586,672],"glucose-derived":[195],"pyruvate":[196],"shunted":[198],"away":[199],"from":[200],"mitochondria":[202],"tumors,":[204,227],"glutamine-derived":[205],"fuel":[208],"TCA":[210,221,229],"cycle.":[211],"Although":[212],"observations":[214],"led":[215,324],"assumption":[218],"was":[223,466],"not":[224,611,731],"critical":[225],"mitochondrial":[228],"provides":[231],"important":[232],"precursors":[233],"synthesis":[236],"cellular":[238,841,860,902],"[1,":[241],"2].\r\n\r\nMYC,":[242],"one":[243],"frequently":[247],"deregulated":[248],"cancer,":[251],"transcription":[254],"factor":[255],"promotes":[257,722],"cell":[258,272,276,475,497,592,848],"proliferation,":[259],"induces":[260,278],"effect,":[263],"ribosome":[266],"translation":[269],"increase":[271],"mass":[273],"[3].":[274],"MYC-driven":[275,367,474,726],"transformation":[277],"dependence":[279,680],"on":[280,599],"extracellular":[281],"glutamine":[282,305,319,322,455,600,615,679,685,701,719,734,741,764,809],"upregulates":[284],"SLC1A5":[287],"[1\u20134].\r\n\r\nAs":[290],"broadly":[293],"expressed":[294],"many":[296,595],"types":[298,597],"catalyzes":[300],"step":[303],"catabolism,":[306],"it":[307],"represents":[308],"potential":[310,747],"anti-cancer":[311],"therapy":[312,885],"target.":[313],"initial":[315],"attempts":[316],"target":[318],"analogs":[323],"wide":[326],"spread":[327],"toxicity,":[328],"development":[330,649],"an":[332,865],"allosteric":[333],"inhibitor":[335],"(BPTES,":[336],"bis-2-(5-phenylacetamido-1,2,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)ethyl":[337],"sulfide)":[338],"showed":[339,382,412,434,453],"promise":[340,882],"vitro":[342,588,682],"xenografts":[345],"models":[346,690],"[5].":[347],"Recently,":[348],"we":[349,487,500,889],"published":[350],"study":[352,481],"testing":[353],"ability":[355],"inhibition":[358,570,642,753,864,893],"treat":[360],"genetically":[362],"engineered":[363],"mouse":[364],"model":[365,374,479,717,729],"hepatocellular":[368],"carcinoma":[369],"(HCC),":[370],"termed":[371],"LAP/MYC":[373,379,425,716],"[6].":[375],"We":[376,411],"found":[377,407],"HCC":[380],"Gls":[384],"decreased":[387,438,458],"Gls2":[388],"compared":[390,427,461],"surrounding":[392],"tissue,":[393],"confirmed":[395,501],"upregulation":[398],"downregulation":[402],"also":[406],"human":[409],"HCC.":[410],"treatment":[414,465,491],"BPTES,":[416],"specific":[417],"isoform,":[421],"prolonged":[422],"survival":[423],"mice":[426,433],"vehicle":[429],"treated":[430,450],"controls.":[431,463],"BPTES-treated":[432],"smaller":[435],"staining":[439],"marker":[443],"KI-67.":[444],"Consistent":[445],"inhibition,":[448,486],"BPTES":[452,464,490,507,517,542,548],"levels":[456,460],"well":[467],"tolerated":[468],"mice.":[470],"Then,":[471],"using":[472],"line":[476],"effects":[483],"demonstrated":[488],"blocked":[492],"DNA":[493,909],"replication,":[494],"resulting":[495],"death.":[498],"Further,":[499],"vivo":[504],"specificity":[505],"rescuing":[509],"xenograft":[510],"growth":[511],"resistant":[518],"mutant.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nFigure":[520],"1\r\n\r\nGlutamine":[521],"(Gln)":[522],"(Glu)":[527],"(upregulated":[534],"tumor)":[536],"(downregulated":[539],"tumor)\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nWhile":[541],"shows":[543,737],"encouraging":[544],"preclinical":[545,887],"efficacy,":[546],"related":[549],"compound":[550],"(CB-839)":[551],"improved":[553],"pharmacological":[554],"properties":[555],"entered":[557],"phase":[558],"I":[559],"clinical":[560,817],"trials":[561,818],"[7].":[562],"Many":[563],"challenges":[564],"opportunities":[566],"remain":[567],"enters":[571],"clinic,":[573],"including":[574],"need":[576],"identify":[578],"may":[581,610,774],"respond":[582],"inhibition.":[585],"studies":[589,606,626],"lines":[593],"depend":[598],"activity,":[603,780],"some":[604],"indicate":[607],"commonly":[614],"dependent":[616],"grown":[619],"dish":[622],"However,":[624],"these":[625,858],"have":[627,811],"limited":[629],"scope":[631],"will":[633,643,894],"require":[634,644],"further":[635],"examination.\r\n\r\nPrediction":[636],"response":[639,750],"identification":[646],"biomarkers,":[648],"new":[651],"tools,":[652],"detailed":[655],"understanding":[656],"how":[658,700],"mutational":[659],"status":[660],"interacts":[661],"tissue":[664,695],"type":[665],"origin":[667,697],"control":[669],"metabolism.":[671],"MYC":[673,706,712],"shown":[676],"induce":[678],"various":[688],"transgenic":[689,711],"vivo,":[692],"impact":[699],"affected":[704],"expression.":[707],"For":[708],"example,":[709],"while":[710],"reprograms":[718],"glutaminase":[723],"dependence,":[724],"lung":[727],"does":[730],"exhibit":[732],"synthetase":[742],"[4].":[743],"Studies":[744],"suggest":[745],"predictors":[748],"include":[754],"high":[755,826],"splice":[760],"isoform":[761],"GAC,":[762],"low":[763,769],"ratio":[767],"circumvent":[775],"requirement":[777],"such":[781],"Pyruvate":[783],"Carboxylase":[784],"[2,":[787],"7].":[788],"Similar":[789],"use":[792],"18F-fluorodeoxyglucose":[794],"Positron":[795],"Emission":[796],"Tomography":[797],"(FDG-PET)":[798],"image":[800],"through":[802],"their":[803],"avid":[804],"uptake":[805,829],"glucose,":[807],"fluorinated":[808],"probes":[810],"developed":[813],"are":[815],"It":[820],"remains":[821],"seen":[824],"if":[825],"18F-glutamine":[828],"predicts":[830],"response.\r\n\r\nGlutamine":[832],"plays":[834],"diverse":[836,859],"role":[837],"energetics,":[842],"redox":[843,906],"state,":[844],"production,":[847],"nucleotide":[851,904],"synthesis.":[852],"centrality":[854],"functions":[861],"makes":[862],"ideal":[866],"candidate":[867],"combination":[869,884],"therapies.":[870],"In":[871],"addition":[872],"reports":[874],"already":[875],"literature":[878],"showing":[881],"studies,":[888],"speculate":[890],"synthetic":[896],"lethality":[897],"drugs":[899],"perturb":[901],"synthesis,":[905],"state":[907],"repair":[910],"among":[911],"others.":[912]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-09-29T14:09:16.559479","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}