{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2244336442","doi":null,"title":"DESIGNING FOR PEDESTRIANS: A LEVEL-OF-SERVICE CONCEPT","display_name":"DESIGNING FOR PEDESTRIANS: A LEVEL-OF-SERVICE CONCEPT","publication_year":1971,"publication_date":"1971-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2244336442","mag":"2244336442"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2244336442","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=116491","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764581635","display_name":"Highway Research Record","issn_l":"0073-2206","issn":["0073-2206"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800788","host_organization_name":"National Research Council","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800788"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Research Council"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Highway Research Record","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027235810","display_name":"John J. Fruin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John J. Fruin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027235810"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.8372,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":358,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.976,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":"355","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11500","display_name":"Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics","score":0.9609000086784363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11500","display_name":"Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics","score":0.9609000086784363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.019500000402331352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12325","display_name":"Urban Design and Spatial Analysis","score":0.004900000058114529,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedestrian-infrastructure","display_name":"pedestrian infrastructure","score":0.9470000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service-level","display_name":"level of service","score":0.8799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/walking-speed","display_name":"walking speed","score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/walkway-design","display_name":"walkway design","score":0.6990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-lapse-photography","display_name":"time-lapse photography","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedestrian-comfort","display_name":"pedestrian comfort","score":0.6800000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777113093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221488","display_name":"Pedestrian","level":2,"score":0.9217475056648254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.6676589250564575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58037377","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92785211","display_name":"Level of service","level":2,"score":0.6216837763786316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776983907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q800159","display_name":"Highway Capacity Manual","level":3,"score":0.6040716171264648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.5971480011940002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5107996463775635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168443057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7001223","display_name":"Traffic volume","level":2,"score":0.4313352704048157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.24812227487564087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.12936124205589294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2244336442","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=116491","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764581635","display_name":"Highway Research Record","issn_l":"0073-2206","issn":["0073-2206"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4320800788","host_organization_name":"National Research Council","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4320800788"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["National Research Council"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Highway Research Record","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.9333000183105469}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2016714637","https://openalex.org/W2191988683"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1440180199","https://openalex.org/W3015954663","https://openalex.org/W2584571418","https://openalex.org/W2338471483","https://openalex.org/W187987915","https://openalex.org/W10730336","https://openalex.org/W2785074383","https://openalex.org/W2997443608","https://openalex.org/W2241335921","https://openalex.org/W4409973514"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"PEDESTRIAN":[0,30,72,105],"FACILITIES":[1],"SHOULD":[2],"BE":[3],"DESIGNED":[4],"ON":[5],"THE":[6,18,26,36,62,74,77,85],"BASIS":[7,78],"OF":[8,20,28,49,82,87,93,99],"QUALITATIVE":[9,97],"AS":[10,12],"WELL":[11],"QUANTITATIVE":[13],"FACTORS.":[14],"PRESENT":[15],"PROCEDURES":[16],"INVOLVE":[17],"USE":[19],"MAXIMUM":[21],"CAPACITY":[22,27],"RATINGS":[23],"FOR":[24,79,84],"DESIGN.":[25],"A":[29,50,96],"TRAFFIC":[31],"STREAM":[32],"INVARIABLY":[33],"OCCURS":[34],"AT":[35,70],"HEAVIEST":[37],"CONCENTRATIONS":[38],"COMBINED":[39],"WITH":[40],"RESTRICTED":[41],"WALKING":[42],"SPEEDS.":[43],"THIS":[44],"CONDITION":[45],"IS":[46],"NOT":[47],"REPRESENTATIVE":[48],"COMFORTABLE":[51],"HUMAN":[52,68],"ENVIRONMENT.":[53],"TIME-LAPSE":[54],"PHOTOGRAPHY":[55],"STUDIES":[56,75],"MAKE":[57],"IT":[58],"POSSIBLE":[59],"TO":[60],"ESTABLISH":[61],"RELATIONSHIP":[63],"BETWEEN":[64],"VOLUME,":[65],"SPEED,":[66],"AND":[67,89],"CONVENIENCE":[69],"DIFFERENT":[71],"CONCENTRATIONS.":[73],"FORM":[76],"SIX":[80],"LEVELS":[81,92],"SERVICE":[83,94],"DESIGN":[86],"WALKWAYS":[88],"STAIRWAYS.":[90],"THESE":[91],"PROVIDE":[95],"METHOD":[98],"DESIGNING":[100],"NEW":[101],"OR":[102],"EVALUATING":[103],"EXISTING":[104],"ENVIRONMENTS.":[106],"/AUTHOR/":[107]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":17}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
