{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2240752256","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.9.4.389","title":"Experimental Studies on the Struggle for Existence","display_name":"Experimental Studies on the Struggle for Existence","publication_year":1932,"publication_date":"1932-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2240752256","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.9.4.389","mag":"2240752256"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1242/jeb.9.4.389","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.9.4.389","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.9.4.389","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S20257348","display_name":"Journal of Experimental Biology","issn_l":"0022-0949","issn":["0022-0949","1477-9145"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311847","host_organization_name":"The Company of Biologists","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311847"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The Company of Biologists"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Experimental Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113973529","display_name":"G. F. Gause","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"G. F. Gause","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Moscow Zoological Museum ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Moscow Zoological Museum ,","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5113973529"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4134,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":411,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76807229,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"4","first_page":"389","last_page":"402"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11764","display_name":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","score":0.5698000192642212,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11764","display_name":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","score":0.5698000192642212,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10482","display_name":"Mathematical and Theoretical Epidemiology and Ecology Models","score":0.4196999967098236,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2604","display_name":"Applied Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11913","display_name":"Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/struggle-for-existence","display_name":"struggle for existence","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interspecific-competition","display_name":"interspecific competition","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/yeast","display_name":"yeast","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/saccharomyces-cerevisiae","display_name":"Saccharomyces cerevisiae","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reproductive-rate","display_name":"reproductive rate","score":0.5080000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competition-experiments","display_name":"competition experiments","score":0.6110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lotka-volterra-model","display_name":"Lotka-Volterra model","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population-dynamics","display_name":"population dynamics","score":0.703000009059906}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.5579574704170227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143098186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178694","display_name":"Heredity","level":2,"score":0.5335788130760193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59659247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11990","display_name":"Reproduction","level":2,"score":0.4923349618911743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.48644280433654785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143724316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312468","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.46156683564186096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144237770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q747534","display_name":"Mathematical economics","level":1,"score":0.45544102787971497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.3549949526786804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118084267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26110","display_name":"Positive economics","level":1,"score":0.35459065437316895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.34998995065689087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.34117811918258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.32190781831741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.23707416653633118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.16867193579673767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.12872406840324402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.07929524779319763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1242/jeb.9.4.389","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.9.4.389","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.9.4.389","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S20257348","display_name":"Journal of Experimental Biology","issn_l":"0022-0949","issn":["0022-0949","1477-9145"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311847","host_organization_name":"The Company of Biologists","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311847"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["The Company of Biologists"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Experimental Biology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W314095394","https://openalex.org/W1734689372","https://openalex.org/W1969500894","https://openalex.org/W1970742821","https://openalex.org/W2015538058","https://openalex.org/W2083149030","https://openalex.org/W2114515555","https://openalex.org/W2322045019","https://openalex.org/W2331625639","https://openalex.org/W2795811542"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2334734148","https://openalex.org/W139501505","https://openalex.org/W1999623540","https://openalex.org/W2112659014","https://openalex.org/W2019350344","https://openalex.org/W653138898","https://openalex.org/W1984811479","https://openalex.org/W1984059520","https://openalex.org/W2749531966","https://openalex.org/W4236448757"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"Although":[1],"the":[2,20,33,38,59,62,83,86,92],"phenomena":[3],"of":[4,19,45,48,61,75,85,88,94,96,108],"variation":[5],"and":[6,77,113],"heredity":[7],"have":[8,79],"in":[9],"recent":[10],"years":[11],"become":[12],"amenable":[13],"to":[14,27,54,58],"quantitative":[15],"treatment,":[16],"our":[17],"knowledge":[18],"struggle":[21,63],"for":[22,64],"existence":[23],"has":[24,68,100],"been":[25,69,80,102],"increased":[26],"an":[28,41,52],"almost":[29],"negligible":[30],"extent":[31],"during":[32],"past":[34],"fifty":[35],"years.":[36],"In":[37],"present":[39],"paper":[40],"account":[42],"is":[43],"given":[44],"a":[46,105],"series":[47],"experiments":[49],"which":[50],"constitute":[51],"attempt":[53],"apply":[55],"experimental":[56],"methods":[57],"study":[60],"existence.":[65],"The":[66],"work":[67],"carried":[70],"out":[71],"with":[72],"two":[73],"species":[74,90],"yeast,":[76],"observations":[78],"made":[81],"on":[82,91],"effect":[84],"presence":[87],"one":[89],"rate":[93],"reproduction":[95],"another.":[97],"This":[98],"situation":[99],"recently":[101],"considered":[103],"from":[104],"mathematical":[106],"point":[107],"view":[109],"by":[110,114],"Lotka":[111],"(1925)":[112],"Volterra":[115],"(1931).":[116]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}