{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2232250704","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9396.2006.00589.x","title":"Gender Inequality and Trade*","display_name":"Gender Inequality and Trade*","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-06-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2232250704","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9396.2006.00589.x","mag":"2232250704"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1467-9396.2006.00589.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9396.2006.00589.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9396.2006.00589.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S71783669","display_name":"Review of International Economics","issn_l":"0965-7576","issn":["0965-7576","1467-9396"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Review of International Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/26218","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089402862","display_name":"Matthias Busse","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0471-9472","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0471-9472"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137163","display_name":"Hamburg Institute of International Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/037ydha73","country_code":"DE","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137163"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Matthias Busse","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hamburg Institute of International Economics (HWWA), World Economy Department, Hamburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hamburg Institute of International Economics (HWWA), World Economy Department, Hamburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137163"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002016982","display_name":"Christian Spielmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7887-3716","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7887-3716"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137163","display_name":"Hamburg Institute of International Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/037ydha73","country_code":"DE","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137163"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Spielmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hamburg Institute of International Economics (HWWA), World Economy Department, Hamburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hamburg Institute of International Economics (HWWA), World Economy Department, Hamburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137163"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089402862"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137163"],"apc_list":{"value":3350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3350},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.1541,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":175,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98330897,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"3","first_page":"362","last_page":"379"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.8300999999046326,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.8300999999046326,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12428","display_name":"Global Trade and Competitiveness","score":0.12349999696016312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11544","display_name":"Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics","score":0.03519999980926514,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-inequality","display_name":"gender inequality","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-pay-gap","display_name":"gender pay gap","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/international-trade","display_name":"international trade","score":0.6930000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comparative-advantage","display_name":"comparative advantage","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exports","display_name":"exports","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labor-force-participation","display_name":"labor force participation","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/women-s-education","display_name":"women's education","score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developing-countries","display_name":"developing countries","score":0.6290000081062317}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994086107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5055020","display_name":"Wage inequality","level":3,"score":0.8229737281799316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76474335","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215551","display_name":"Comparative advantage","level":2,"score":0.8036220669746399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.7852363586425781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.6945301294326782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994533747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2891097","display_name":"Gender inequality","level":3,"score":0.5838168263435364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777388388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6821213","display_name":"Wage","level":2,"score":0.5433022379875183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.484669953584671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.4510204792022705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.3343693017959595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.2090858817100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.10169932246208191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":11,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1467-9396.2006.00589.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9396.2006.00589.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9396.2006.00589.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S71783669","display_name":"Review of International Economics","issn_l":"0965-7576","issn":["0965-7576","1467-9396"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Review of International Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:ags:hwwadp:26218","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/26218/files/dp050308.pdf","pdf_url":"https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/26218/files/dp050308.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:26218","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/26218","pdf_url":"http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/26218","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401616","display_name":"AgEcon Search (University of Minnesota, USA)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210120349","host_organization_name":"University of Minnesota Rochester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120349"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/26218","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:zbw:gdec05:3481","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/19801/1/Busse.pdf","pdf_url":"https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/19801/1/Busse.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:zbw:hwwadp:26218","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/19280/1/308.pdf","pdf_url":"https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/19280/1/308.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:bla:reviec:v:14:y:2006:i:3:p:362-379","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9396.2006.00589.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:econstor.eu:10419/19280","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10419/19280","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401696","display_name":"Econstor (Econstor)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"doc-type:workingPaper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:econstor.eu:10419/19801","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10419/19801","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401696","display_name":"Econstor (Econstor)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"doc-type:conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research-information.bris.ac.uk:openaire_cris_publications/db5f8bab-5c77-4959-bcad-67f614863b2e","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1983/db5f8bab-5c77-4959-bcad-67f614863b2e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055359","display_name":"Explore Bristol Research","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Spielmann, C & Busse, M 2006, 'Gender Inequality and Trade', Review of International Economics, vol. 14, no. 3.","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research-information.bris.ac.uk:publications/db5f8bab-5c77-4959-bcad-67f614863b2e","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/db5f8bab-5c77-4959-bcad-67f614863b2e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400895","display_name":"Bristol Research (University of Bristol)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I36234482","host_organization_name":"University of Bristol","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36234482"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Spielmann, C & Busse, M 2006, 'Gender Inequality and Trade', Review of International Economics, vol. 14, no. 3.","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"doi:10.22004/ag.econ.26218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.26218","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.26218","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401616","display_name":"AgEcon Search (University of Minnesota, USA)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210120349","host_organization_name":"University of Minnesota Rochester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120349"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ageconsearch.umn.edu:26218","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/26218","pdf_url":"http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/26218","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401616","display_name":"AgEcon Search (University of Minnesota, USA)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210120349","host_organization_name":"University of Minnesota Rochester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120349"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/26218","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9444000124931335,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","display_name":"Gender equality"},{"score":0.8974000215530396,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"score":0.833299994468689,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2232250704.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2232250704.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W9373452","https://openalex.org/W188233798","https://openalex.org/W1500349910","https://openalex.org/W1560034758","https://openalex.org/W1569086043","https://openalex.org/W1579949713","https://openalex.org/W1802390472","https://openalex.org/W1974780733","https://openalex.org/W1981241340","https://openalex.org/W1982752218","https://openalex.org/W1999160072","https://openalex.org/W2006722182","https://openalex.org/W2012658485","https://openalex.org/W2015742631","https://openalex.org/W2022069596","https://openalex.org/W2031660749","https://openalex.org/W2047345178","https://openalex.org/W2052378056","https://openalex.org/W2055962948","https://openalex.org/W2066266250","https://openalex.org/W2072631301","https://openalex.org/W2090881916","https://openalex.org/W2097959235","https://openalex.org/W2108818539","https://openalex.org/W2112352537","https://openalex.org/W2132582836","https://openalex.org/W2146956268","https://openalex.org/W2166183163","https://openalex.org/W2316595588","https://openalex.org/W2332713257","https://openalex.org/W2555360819","https://openalex.org/W2751609899","https://openalex.org/W2753938768","https://openalex.org/W2803072236","https://openalex.org/W2917354653","https://openalex.org/W3020979170","https://openalex.org/W3121587076","https://openalex.org/W3125588647","https://openalex.org/W4213155903","https://openalex.org/W4237821350","https://openalex.org/W4247618976"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3123830803","https://openalex.org/W7053063250","https://openalex.org/W2020704508","https://openalex.org/W656122347","https://openalex.org/W6987671471","https://openalex.org/W4242252480","https://openalex.org/W4392886542","https://openalex.org/W4376289037","https://openalex.org/W3139986425","https://openalex.org/W4367724512"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,23,33],"paper":[2],"empirically":[3],"explores":[4],"the":[5],"international":[6],"linkages":[7],"between":[8],"gender":[9,37,54,64],"inequality":[10,39,65],"and":[11,20,71],"trade":[12],"flows":[13],"of":[14,17,60],"a":[15,52],"sample":[16],"92":[18],"developed":[19],"developing":[21],"countries.":[22],"focus":[24],"is":[25,40],"on":[26],"comparative":[27,44,79],"advantage":[28,45,80],"in":[29,46,66,81],"labor\u2010intensive":[30,47,82],"manufactured":[31],"goods.":[32,62],"results":[34],"indicate":[35],"that":[36],"wage":[38,55],"positively":[41],"associated":[42],"with":[43,51,78],"goods,":[48],"i.e.":[49],"countries":[50],"larger":[53],"gap":[56],"have":[57],"higher":[58],"exports":[59],"these":[61],"Also,":[63],"labor":[67],"force":[68],"activity":[69],"rates":[70,74],"educational":[72],"attainment":[73],"are":[75],"negatively":[76],"linked":[77],"commodities.":[83]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
