{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2228826686","doi":null,"title":"Natural language inference","display_name":"Natural language inference","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2228826686","mag":"2228826686"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2228826686","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1751277","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046006076","display_name":"Christopher D. Manning","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6155-649X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6155-649X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher D. Manning","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University ()"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University ()","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026872883","display_name":"Bill MacCartney","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bill MacCartney","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University ()"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University ()","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.8574,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":205,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9700666,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9326000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9326000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.039500001817941666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11010","display_name":"Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge","score":0.012900000438094139,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-inference","display_name":"natural language inference","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logical-consequence","display_name":"logical consequence","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-logic","display_name":"natural logic","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monotonicity","display_name":"monotonicity","score":0.6100000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependency-trees","display_name":"dependency trees","score":0.5199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph-matching","display_name":"graph matching","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lexical-entailment","display_name":"lexical entailment","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lexical-semantic-knowledge","display_name":"lexical-semantic knowledge","score":0.42100000381469727}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7763748168945312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6274009346961975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.6200243234634399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6111587285995483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778023277","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321703","display_name":"Premise","level":2,"score":0.5835886001586914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134752490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374182","display_name":"Logical consequence","level":2,"score":0.5635116696357727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.478424608707428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195344581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2555318","display_name":"Automated reasoning","level":2,"score":0.46035075187683105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.20924004912376404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2228826686","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1751277","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2066770300","https://openalex.org/W2573974844","https://openalex.org/W59020575","https://openalex.org/W3021891771","https://openalex.org/W2087451659","https://openalex.org/W4205528003","https://openalex.org/W7066707403","https://openalex.org/W1986069434","https://openalex.org/W4409152479","https://openalex.org/W4393096196"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Inference":[0],"has":[1,25,280],"been":[2,26],"a":[3,40,50,85,108,129,166,173,183,199,266,302,313,321,329,360],"central":[4],"topic":[5],"in":[6,65,276,369],"artificial":[7],"intelligence":[8],"from":[9,49,62],"the":[10,29,68,133,156,219,227,237,252,256,341,346,352],"start,":[11],"but":[12,97,231],"while":[13],"automatic":[14],"methods":[15,93,215],"for":[16,168,178,317,356,379,386],"formal":[17,66],"deduction":[18],"have":[19],"advanced":[20],"tremendously,":[21],"comparatively":[22],"little":[23],"progress":[24],"made":[27],"on":[28,71,112,128,206,226,233,265,283],"problem":[30,300,353],"of":[31,57,79,87,116,198,201,229,236,255,268,304,336,354,362],"natural":[32,41,51,269,277],"language":[33,42,52],"inference":[34,299,377],"(NLI),":[35],"that":[36,213],"is,":[37],"determining":[38],"whether":[39],"hypothesis":[43],"h":[44],"can":[45],"justifiably":[46],"be":[47],"inferred":[48],"premise":[53],"p.":[54],"The":[55],"challenges":[56],"NLI":[58,131,204,263],"are":[59,95],"quite":[60],"different":[61],"those":[63],"encountered":[64],"deduction:":[67],"emphasis":[69],"is":[70,140,196,222],"informal":[72],"reasoning,":[73],"lexical":[74,189,314],"semantic":[75,147,169,244,284,291,334],"knowledge,":[76],"and":[77,99,171,180,190,286,293,339,383],"variability":[78],"linguistic":[80],"expression.":[81],"\r\nThis":[82],"dissertation":[83,257],"explores":[84],"range":[86],"approaches":[88,202],"to":[89,101,145,203,258,262,288,333],"NLI,":[90,357],"beginning":[91],"with":[92],"which":[94,160,186,279,307],"robust":[96],"approximate,":[98],"proceeding":[100],"progressively":[102],"more":[103],"precise":[104],"approaches.\r\nWe":[105],"first":[106],"develop":[107],"baseline":[109],"system":[110,195,296],"based":[111,205,264],"overlap":[113],"between":[114,176],"bags":[115],"words.":[117],"Despite":[118],"its":[119,138,143],"extreme":[120],"simplicity,":[121],"this":[122,151],"model":[123,185,267,361],"achieves":[124],"surprisingly":[125],"good":[126,381],"results":[127],"standard":[130],"evaluation,":[132],"PASCAL":[134],"RTE":[135,158],"Challenge.":[136],"However,":[137],"effectiveness":[139],"limited":[141],"by":[142,243,358,366],"failure":[144],"represent":[146],"structure.":[148],"\r\nTo":[149],"remedy":[150],"lack,":[152],"we":[153,250,350],"next":[154],"introduce":[155],"Stanford":[157],"system,":[159],"uses":[161],"typed":[162],"dependency":[163],"trees":[164,177],"as":[165],"proxy":[167],"structure,":[170],"seeks":[172],"low-cost":[174],"alignment":[175,355,364,374],"p":[179,309],"h,":[181],"using":[182,320],"cost":[184],"incorporates":[187],"both":[188,290],"structural":[191],"matching":[192],"costs.":[193],"This":[194],"typical":[197],"category":[200],"approximate":[207],"graph":[208],"matching.":[209],"We":[210,271],"argue,":[211],"however,":[212],"such":[214],"work":[216,275,368],"best":[217],"when":[218],"entailment":[220,315,343],"decision":[221],"based,":[223],"not":[224],"merely":[225],"degree":[228],"alignment,":[230],"also":[232],"global":[234],"features":[235],"aligned":[238],"\u2329p,":[239],"h\u232a":[240],"pair":[241],"motivated":[242],"theory.":[245],"\r\nSeeking":[246],"still":[247],"greater":[248],"precision,":[249],"devote":[251],"largest":[253],"part":[254],"developing":[259,359],"an":[260,298,373],"approach":[261],"logic.":[270],"greatly":[272],"extend":[273],"past":[274],"logic,":[278],"focused":[281],"solely":[282],"containment":[285],"monotonicity,":[287],"incorporate":[289],"exclusion":[292],"implicativity.":[294],"Our":[295],"decomposes":[297],"into":[301,310],"sequence":[303],"atomic":[305],"edits":[306],"transforms":[308],"h;":[311],"predicts":[312],"relation":[316],"each":[318],"edit":[319,347],"statistical":[322],"classifier;":[323],"propagates":[324],"these":[325],"relations":[326,344],"upward":[327],"through":[328],"syntax":[330],"tree":[331],"according":[332],"properties":[335],"intermediate":[337],"nodes;":[338],"composes":[340],"resulting":[342],"across":[345],"sequence.":[348],"\r\nFinally,":[349],"address":[351],"phrase-based":[363],"inspired":[365],"analogous":[367],"machine":[370],"translation,":[371],"including":[372],"scoring":[375],"function,":[376],"algorithms":[378,385],"finding":[380],"alignments,":[382],"training":[384],"choosing":[387],"feature":[388],"weights.":[389]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}