{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2224699708","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14640748908402382","title":"Insight without Awareness: On the Interaction of Verbalization, Instruction and Practice in a Simulated Process Control Task","display_name":"Insight without Awareness: On the Interaction of Verbalization, Instruction and Practice in a Simulated Process Control Task","publication_year":1989,"publication_date":"1989-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2224699708","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14640748908402382","mag":"2224699708"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/14640748908402382","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14640748908402382","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14640748908402382","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210181449","display_name":"The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A","issn_l":"0272-4987","issn":["0272-4987","1464-0740"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019373936","display_name":"William B. Stanley","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86501945","display_name":"University of Delaware","ror":"https://ror.org/01sbq1a82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William B. Stanley","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86501945"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110495419","display_name":"Robert C. Mathews","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121820613","display_name":"Louisiana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ect4e57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert C. Mathews","raw_affiliation_strings":["Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068765965","display_name":"Ray R. Buss","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1276-3027","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1276-3027"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121820613","display_name":"Louisiana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ect4e57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ray R. Buss","raw_affiliation_strings":["Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031255197","display_name":"Susan Kotler-Cope","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121820613","display_name":"Louisiana State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ect4e57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Susan Kotler-Cope","raw_affiliation_strings":["Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.A"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.A","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121820613"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.2899,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":219,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95944924,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"3","first_page":"553","last_page":"577"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.2533999979496002,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.2533999979496002,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10813","display_name":"Sport Psychology and Performance","score":0.24060000479221344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10918","display_name":"Memory Processes and Influences","score":0.18330000340938568,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verbalization","display_name":"verbalization","score":0.6809999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-control","display_name":"process control","score":0.593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verbal-instructions","display_name":"verbal instructions","score":0.6349999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-learning","display_name":"rule induction","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"heuristics","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mental-models","display_name":"mental models","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-based-processing","display_name":"memory-based processing","score":0.6480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/response-selection","display_name":"response selection","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-curve","display_name":"learning curve","score":0.6209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-structure","display_name":"knowledge structure","score":0.43799999356269836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30038468","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4354775","display_name":"Memorization","level":2,"score":0.8753513097763062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.747006893157959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.6248056292533875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.6054338812828064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.5913840532302856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5452374815940857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5300732851028442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.46207761764526367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.45928075909614563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49104498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6817483","display_name":"Mental operations","level":3,"score":0.45853787660598755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4059980809688568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.38032686710357666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35678255558013916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/14640748908402382","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14640748908402382","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14640748908402382","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210181449","display_name":"The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A","issn_l":"0272-4987","issn":["0272-4987","1464-0740"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.5}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.800000011920929}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W43336110","https://openalex.org/W1498075919","https://openalex.org/W1545926861","https://openalex.org/W1937795883","https://openalex.org/W1964169455","https://openalex.org/W1967658564","https://openalex.org/W1989280875","https://openalex.org/W1996103427","https://openalex.org/W1999999075","https://openalex.org/W2003420097","https://openalex.org/W2005852998","https://openalex.org/W2006018430","https://openalex.org/W2006652476","https://openalex.org/W2012744959","https://openalex.org/W2014448254","https://openalex.org/W2015160063","https://openalex.org/W2018415007","https://openalex.org/W2019371105","https://openalex.org/W2033306280","https://openalex.org/W2041656211","https://openalex.org/W2068546755","https://openalex.org/W2081965739","https://openalex.org/W2086618114","https://openalex.org/W2098862838","https://openalex.org/W2113839127","https://openalex.org/W2124768238","https://openalex.org/W2141545068","https://openalex.org/W2144868784","https://openalex.org/W2152632951","https://openalex.org/W2164558494","https://openalex.org/W2167631320","https://openalex.org/W2228814132","https://openalex.org/W2324062392","https://openalex.org/W2333057202","https://openalex.org/W2912944677","https://openalex.org/W4206109490","https://openalex.org/W4206140093","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4299947740"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1999999075","https://openalex.org/W787516167","https://openalex.org/W757658696","https://openalex.org/W1981037564","https://openalex.org/W2753380099","https://openalex.org/W2113839127","https://openalex.org/W2134496769","https://openalex.org/W3084375146","https://openalex.org/W2052152408","https://openalex.org/W1976082614"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Four":[0],"experiments":[1],"in":[2,35,47,57,83,93],"which":[3,49,94],"subjects":[4,95],"learned":[5],"to":[6,24,104,164,181],"control":[7,15,139,167],"two":[8,98],"versions":[9],"of":[10,21,68,130,135,147,172,190],"a":[11,54,177],"complex":[12],"simulated":[13],"process":[14],"task":[16,155],"show":[17],"that":[18,64,138,152],"verbalizable":[19,58],"knowledge":[20,102,109],"procedures":[22],"used":[23],"perform":[25,105],"these":[26,42,106],"tasks":[27,43],"is":[28,32,91,111,123,150],"very":[29],"limited":[30],"and":[31,77,120,157],"acquired":[33],"late":[34],"learning.":[36],"Individual":[37],"learning":[38],"curves":[39],"associated":[40],"with":[41],"showed":[44],"sudden":[45],"improvements":[46],"performance,":[48],"were":[50,80],"not":[51],"accompanied":[52],"by":[53],"similar":[55],"increase":[56],"knowledge.":[59,148],"It":[60,149],"was":[61],"also":[62],"found":[63],"verbal":[65,187],"instructions":[66,79],"consisting":[67],"exemplar":[69],"memorization,":[70],"strategies":[71],"for":[72,115,186],"rule":[73],"induction,":[74],"simple":[75],"heuristics,":[76],"experts\u2019":[78],"all":[81],"effective":[82],"enhancing":[84],"novice":[85],"subjects\u2019":[86],"performance.":[87],"A":[88],"theoretical":[89],"framework":[90],"proposed":[92],"draw":[96],"on":[97,113,125],"separate":[99],"but":[100],"interacting":[101],"structures":[103],"tasks.":[107],"One":[108],"structure":[110],"based":[112,124],"memory":[114],"past":[116],"experiences":[117],"(close":[118],"analogies),":[119],"the":[121,131,183],"other":[122],"one's":[126],"current":[127],"mental":[128,178],"model":[129,179],"task.":[132],"Implicit":[133],"sets":[134],"competing":[136],"rules":[137],"response":[140,169],"selection":[141,170],"are":[142],"derived":[143],"from":[144],"both":[145],"sources":[146],"suggested":[151],"dissociations":[153],"between":[154],"performance":[156],"verbalizing":[158],"occur":[159],"because":[160,171,189],"memory-based":[161],"processing":[162],"tends":[163,180],"have":[165],"more":[166],"over":[168],"its":[173,191],"greater":[174,192],"specificity,":[175],"whereas":[176],"be":[182],"preferred":[184],"mode":[185],"reporting":[188],"accessibility.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-17T09:40:24.721904","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
