{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2224469352","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18553/jmcp.2001.7.4.297","title":"Prior Authorization Programs: A Critical Review of the Literature","display_name":"Prior Authorization Programs: A Critical Review of the Literature","publication_year":2001,"publication_date":"2001-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2224469352","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18553/jmcp.2001.7.4.297","mag":"2224469352"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.18553/jmcp.2001.7.4.297","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18553/jmcp.2001.7.4.297","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18553/jmcp.2001.7.4.297","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S40961437","display_name":"Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy","issn_l":"1083-4087","issn":["1083-4087","1944-706X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4363609268","host_organization_name":"Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4363609268"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050560181","display_name":"Neil J. MacKinnon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8111-6651","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8111-6651"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neil MacKinnon","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081278947","display_name":"Ritu A. Kumar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ritu Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.4378,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":62,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95350815,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"4","first_page":"297","last_page":"303"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11792","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy","score":0.7294999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11792","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy","score":0.7294999957084656,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10391","display_name":"Healthcare Policy and Management","score":0.1607999950647354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13970","display_name":"Pharmacy and Medical Practices","score":0.03139999881386757,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3004","display_name":"Pharmacology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/prior-authorization","display_name":"prior authorization","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/managed-care-pharmacy","display_name":"managed care pharmacy","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medication-use","display_name":"medication use","score":0.5289999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-outcomes","display_name":"clinical outcomes","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/humanistic-outcomes","display_name":"humanistic outcomes","score":0.9549999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care-costs","display_name":"health care costs","score":0.4359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-effectiveness","display_name":"program effectiveness","score":0.37700000405311584}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.840968906879425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100406419","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3543802","display_name":"Formulary","level":2,"score":0.7784035205841064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779598192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17514788","display_name":"Prior authorization","level":2,"score":0.7246181964874268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777466982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227287","display_name":"Data extraction","level":3,"score":0.6832059025764465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104863432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q614304","display_name":"Pharmacy","level":2,"score":0.5095560550689697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152541439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5186693","display_name":"Critical appraisal","level":3,"score":0.4839061200618744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.4531330466270447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.4384080767631531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.34773868322372437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.3322596549987793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.325897753238678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.2110108733177185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.18553/jmcp.2001.7.4.297","doi":"https://doi.org/10.18553/jmcp.2001.7.4.297","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.18553/jmcp.2001.7.4.297","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S40961437","display_name":"Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy","issn_l":"1083-4087","issn":["1083-4087","1944-706X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4363609268","host_organization_name":"Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4363609268"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9763000011444092,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.5600000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Systematic Review","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3318600","https://openalex.org/W183138197","https://openalex.org/W1957268041","https://openalex.org/W1964040308","https://openalex.org/W1970926607","https://openalex.org/W1986316859","https://openalex.org/W1989197447","https://openalex.org/W1997241558","https://openalex.org/W2183066787","https://openalex.org/W2184142535","https://openalex.org/W2187080369","https://openalex.org/W2279349113","https://openalex.org/W2327671470","https://openalex.org/W2337319575","https://openalex.org/W2352267294","https://openalex.org/W2410167178","https://openalex.org/W2443230870","https://openalex.org/W2563302062","https://openalex.org/W2885772394","https://openalex.org/W2942705592","https://openalex.org/W3142931177","https://openalex.org/W4298049217"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7099754394","https://openalex.org/W3034548940","https://openalex.org/W2183066787","https://openalex.org/W2049399522","https://openalex.org/W2941073039","https://openalex.org/W2302490144","https://openalex.org/W7166035650","https://openalex.org/W7099576674","https://openalex.org/W148946464","https://openalex.org/W4413951587"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"Though":[1],"prior":[2],"authorization":[3],"(PA)":[4],"programs":[5,20,36,165],"are":[6,21,219],"widely":[7],"used":[8,66],"in":[9,87,95,222],"the":[10,32,46,96,102,116,139,144,147,200,209,226],"managed":[11],"care":[12],"pharmacy":[13],"environment,":[14],"some":[15,176],"stakeholders":[16],"question":[17],"whether":[18],"these":[19],"effective.":[22],"The":[23],"objective":[24],"of":[25,34,45,64,71,104,118,121,146,199,208,228],"this":[26],"article":[27],"is":[28,175],"to":[29,54,84,92,138,143,167,224],"critically":[30],"examine":[31],"effect":[33,145],"PA":[35,60,106,123,148,164,229],"on":[37,108,150,193,230],"health-related":[38],"outcomes.":[39,155,197,233],"DATA":[40,128,156],"SOURCES:":[41],"A":[42],"computer-aided":[43],"search":[44],"literature":[47,98],"was":[48],"conducted":[49],"using":[50],"several":[51],"online":[52],"databases":[53],"find":[55],"studies":[56,159,201,210,218],"that":[57,114,178,187],"have":[58,189],"evaluated":[59],"programs.":[61],"Other":[62],"sources":[63],"information":[65],"were":[67],"reference":[68],"lists,":[69],"authors":[70],"previous":[72],"studies,":[73],"and":[74,99,142,153],"meeting":[75],"abstracts.":[76],"STUDY":[77],"SELECTION:":[78],"In":[79],"order":[80,223],"for":[81],"a":[82,105,126,190,203],"study":[83,132,140],"be":[85,125,168],"included":[86],"our":[88,161],"analysis,":[89],"it":[90],"had":[91,202,211],"(1)":[93],"appear":[94,166],"peer-reviewed":[97],"(2)":[100],"investigate":[101],"effects":[103,227],"program":[107,149],"specified":[109],"drugs.":[110],"We":[111],"excluded":[112],"papers":[113],"studied":[115],"effectiveness":[117],"formulary":[119],"systems,":[120],"which":[122],"may":[124],"component.":[127],"EXTRACTION:":[129],"From":[130],"each":[131],"evaluated,":[133],"we":[134],"extracted":[135],"data":[136],"related":[137,232],"design":[141],"economic,":[151],"clinical,":[152],"humanistic":[154,196],"SYNTHESIS:":[157],"Six":[158],"met":[160],"criteria.":[162],"Overall,":[163],"effective":[169],"at":[170],"reducing":[171],"drug-related":[172,182],"costs.":[173],"There":[174],"evidence":[177,186],"they":[179,188],"reduce":[180],"non":[181],"costs":[183],"but":[184],"little":[185],"positive":[191],"impact":[192],"clinical":[194],"or":[195],"None":[198],"randomized,":[204],"controlled":[205],"design;":[206],"most":[207],"severe":[212],"methodological":[213],"limitations.":[214],"CONCLUSION:":[215],"Rigorously":[216],"designed":[217],"urgently":[220],"needed":[221],"evaluate":[225],"health":[231]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-08T09:06:37.294493","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}