{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2220133926","doi":null,"title":"Challenges for Synthetic Gecko Adhesives: Roughness, Fouling, and Wear","display_name":"Challenges for Synthetic Gecko Adhesives: Roughness, Fouling, and Wear","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2220133926","mag":"2220133926"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt7xq3b53d","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7xq3b53d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"etd"},"volume":null,"type":"dissertation","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036574296","display_name":"Andrew G. Gillies","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andrew G. Gillies","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036574296"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11799","display_name":"Adhesion, Friction, and Surface Interactions","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11799","display_name":"Adhesion, Friction, and Surface Interactions","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11737","display_name":"Advanced Materials and Mechanics","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10313","display_name":"Surface Modification and Superhydrophobicity","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2508","display_name":"Surfaces, Coatings and Films"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gecko-adhesion","display_name":"gecko adhesion","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-roughness","display_name":"surface roughness","score":0.8560000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fouling","display_name":"fouling","score":0.5849999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wear","display_name":"wear","score":0.4959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tokay-gecko","display_name":"Tokay gecko","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lamellae","display_name":"lamellae","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/setae","display_name":"setae","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shear-adhesion","display_name":"shear adhesion","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particulate-contamination","display_name":"particulate contamination","score":0.5989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/active-control","display_name":"active control","score":0.4269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dry-adhesion","display_name":"dry adhesion","score":0.5289999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contact-mechanics","display_name":"contact mechanics","score":0.32100000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sinusoidal-surface","display_name":"sinusoidal surface","score":0.4880000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bioinspired-adhesives","display_name":"bioinspired adhesives","score":0.5789999961853027}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781006323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16546828","display_name":"Gecko","level":2,"score":0.8963472843170166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48209547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331104","display_name":"Controllability","level":2,"score":0.5849397778511047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68928338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131790","display_name":"Adhesive","level":3,"score":0.5176694393157959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71039073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3439090","display_name":"Surface finish","level":2,"score":0.4833223819732666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.43612173199653625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136301237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3247568","display_name":"Lamella (surface anatomy)","level":2,"score":0.4235777258872986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4190337657928467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84416704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188666","display_name":"Adhesion","level":2,"score":0.4190068244934082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.4084804654121399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.2872682809829712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.24625533819198608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13207197189331055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt7xq3b53d","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7xq3b53d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"etd"},{"id":"pmh:qt7xq3b53d","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/7xq3b53d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Gillies, Andrew George. (2013). Challenges for Synthetic Gecko Adhesives: Roughness, Fouling, and Wear. UC Berkeley: Mechanical Engineering. Retrieved from: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/7xq3b53d","raw_type":"dissertation"},{"id":"mag:2220133926","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/content/qt7xq3b53d/qt7xq3b53d.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":92,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W324673330","https://openalex.org/W565506998","https://openalex.org/W1676421722","https://openalex.org/W1800329374","https://openalex.org/W1964713506","https://openalex.org/W1965607437","https://openalex.org/W1968676403","https://openalex.org/W1972670812","https://openalex.org/W1975530386","https://openalex.org/W1976427011","https://openalex.org/W1978466393","https://openalex.org/W1980934905","https://openalex.org/W1984590421","https://openalex.org/W1985028907","https://openalex.org/W1986028126","https://openalex.org/W1986235066","https://openalex.org/W1987999583","https://openalex.org/W1991141070","https://openalex.org/W1994003920","https://openalex.org/W1994782783","https://openalex.org/W2003417873","https://openalex.org/W2013445047","https://openalex.org/W2018459806","https://openalex.org/W2020755622","https://openalex.org/W2021892461","https://openalex.org/W2023070602","https://openalex.org/W2026500563","https://openalex.org/W2028527000","https://openalex.org/W2031571541","https://openalex.org/W2033680799","https://openalex.org/W2035776890","https://openalex.org/W2043418691","https://openalex.org/W2049174185","https://openalex.org/W2050288665","https://openalex.org/W2051454159","https://openalex.org/W2056450124","https://openalex.org/W2060002823","https://openalex.org/W2062573554","https://openalex.org/W2066833009","https://openalex.org/W2069284840","https://openalex.org/W2071601178","https://openalex.org/W2071735236","https://openalex.org/W2074402505","https://openalex.org/W2079189167","https://openalex.org/W2079762480","https://openalex.org/W2080188816","https://openalex.org/W2081474333","https://openalex.org/W2081926298","https://openalex.org/W2083595395","https://openalex.org/W2088584869","https://openalex.org/W2091413952","https://openalex.org/W2092823024","https://openalex.org/W2094637066","https://openalex.org/W2098148623","https://openalex.org/W2099282110","https://openalex.org/W2099304316","https://openalex.org/W2101318850","https://openalex.org/W2102501940","https://openalex.org/W2111672145","https://openalex.org/W2112607519","https://openalex.org/W2114147125","https://openalex.org/W2117055246","https://openalex.org/W2118166595","https://openalex.org/W2122676155","https://openalex.org/W2124614417","https://openalex.org/W2125778968","https://openalex.org/W2127626447","https://openalex.org/W2127767984","https://openalex.org/W2129678820","https://openalex.org/W2129993509","https://openalex.org/W2141396743","https://openalex.org/W2143083872","https://openalex.org/W2143175951","https://openalex.org/W2146940732","https://openalex.org/W2149234849","https://openalex.org/W2154127085","https://openalex.org/W2154293914","https://openalex.org/W2155660467","https://openalex.org/W2156555012","https://openalex.org/W2157678875","https://openalex.org/W2158000784","https://openalex.org/W2160670107","https://openalex.org/W2163974073","https://openalex.org/W2164589071","https://openalex.org/W2169083454","https://openalex.org/W2169166045","https://openalex.org/W2169411911","https://openalex.org/W2182865050","https://openalex.org/W2329683768","https://openalex.org/W2332097007","https://openalex.org/W2413927985","https://openalex.org/W3146821668"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2144975009","https://openalex.org/W2944207499","https://openalex.org/W2319038186","https://openalex.org/W2129993509","https://openalex.org/W7097299111","https://openalex.org/W2198136420","https://openalex.org/W1993017363","https://openalex.org/W2921666109","https://openalex.org/W2481734746","https://openalex.org/W2808132147"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,866],"past":[1],"decade":[2],"has":[3,15,608,813,872],"seen":[4],"rapid":[5],"advancement":[6],"in":[7,52,77,96,114,132,156,164,205,629,712],"gecko":[8,41,112,311,418,688,823,845],"synthetic":[9,687,824,841,853],"adhesives":[10],"(GSAs)":[11],"and":[12,31,61,99,126,141,151,163,203,214,233,239,313,318,326,358,383,463,494,508,515,548,571,576,593,616,632,670,736,820,843,906],"their":[13,267,552],"performance":[14,159],"also":[16,434,727],"steadily":[17],"increased.":[18],"However,":[19],"there":[20,396],"still":[21,398],"remains":[22],"a":[23,399,471,475,501,505,626,654,665,683,692,721,747,809,848,874],"gap":[24],"between":[25,568],"the":[26,32,40,59,94,103,107,110,124,184,209,212,236,248,254,293,296,339,345,368,372,377,381,393,413,417,424,427,436,443,527,534,546,559,565,612,630,729,765,793,831,840,852,858,864,878,891],"capabilities":[27,719],"of":[28,50,67,69,109,128,138,186,200,211,244,258,275,282,295,310,341,347,350,371,380,416,426,438,447,486,551,564,573,614,650,672,696,724,731,744,764,769,780,792,868,880],"current":[29,97],"GSAs,":[30,78],"properties":[33],"required":[34],"for":[35,62,142,586,594,619,816],"GSAs":[36,98,448,453,587,595,620,637],"to":[37,74,84,92,172,190,192,208,218,260,299,305,323,337,402,408,483,645,663,679,699,704,787,836,877,895],"perform":[38],"as":[39,604,863],"does:":[42],"on":[43,178,228,278,331,344,385,442,513,611,653,746,909],"natural":[44,111,844],"undulating":[45],"surfaces":[46,229,261,279,387],"with":[47,102,135,148,197,262,280,354,360,388,412,456,478,492,589,599,638,667,682,716,750],"several":[48],"scales":[49],"roughness,":[51],"dirty":[53],"environments":[54],"where":[55],"particle":[56,725],"contamination":[57],"is":[58,397,625],"norm,":[60],"thousands":[63,68],"or":[64,803],"even":[65,269],"tens":[66],"cycles.":[70],"For":[71],"continued":[72],"progress":[73],"be":[75,161,170,290,583],"made":[76,473,503,690],"focus":[79],"must":[80,827],"shift":[81],"from":[82,123,474,504,558,597,691,796],"trying":[83],"attain":[85],"high":[86,732,797,832],"adhesive":[87,419,689,715,801,825,833],"values":[88],"under":[89],"ideal":[90],"conditions,":[91],"exploring":[93],"weaknesses":[95],"contrasting":[100],"those":[101,353,359],"principles":[104],"that":[105,147,230,253,315,367,384,470,526,579,634,759,808,821],"underpin":[106],"success":[108],"systems":[113,131],"real":[115],"world":[116],"challenging":[117],"conditions.":[118],"Here":[119],"we":[120,182,335,660],"show":[121,857],"results":[122,410,649,908],"testing":[125,451],"simulation":[127,894],"various":[129,574],"GSA":[130,351,472,502],"rough":[133,180,333,892],"environments,":[134],"contaminating":[136],"particles":[137,536,554,570],"varying":[139,201],"size":[140,425],"repeated":[143,742],"cycling.":[144],"We":[145,221,251,468,674,757,806],"report":[146],"careful":[149],"geometry":[150,370],"material":[152,811,842,854],"consideration,":[153],"large":[154,464,495,516],"increases":[155],"'real":[157],"world'":[158],"can":[160,169,289],"obtained,":[162],"some":[165],"cases":[166],"active":[167,668],"control":[168,669],"utilized":[171],"increase":[173],"controllability.To":[174],"better":[175],"understand":[176,338],"adhesion":[177,224,246,277,288,330,346,379,430,489,678,698,798,898],"macroscopic":[179],"surfaces,":[181],"studied":[183],"ability":[185],"live":[187],"Tokay":[188],"Geckos":[189],"adhere":[191],"an":[193,709,714],"engineered":[194],"substrate":[195],"constructed":[196],"sinusoidal":[198,386],"patterns":[199],"amplitudes":[202,232,263,281],"wavelengths":[204,234],"sizes":[206],"similar":[207,849],"dimensions":[210,268,298,575],"toes":[213,255,312],"lamellae":[215,314],"structures":[216,530],"(0.5":[217],"6":[219],"mm).":[220],"found":[222,411,469,758],"shear":[223,245,276,329,488,767,788],"was":[225,481,785],"significantly":[226],"decreased":[227],"had":[231],"approaching":[235],"lamella":[237,297],"length":[238],"inter-lamella":[240],"spacing,":[241],"losing":[242],"95%":[243],"over":[247],"range":[249,723],"tested.":[250],"discovered":[252],"are":[256,321,642,904,913],"capable":[257],"adhering":[259],"much":[264,390],"larger":[265,391],"than":[266,392,754],"without":[270],"engaging":[271],"claws,":[272],"maintaining":[273],"60%":[274],"3":[283],"mm.":[284],"As":[285],"well,":[286],"Gecko":[287],"predicted":[291],"by":[292,449,520,648,890],"ratio":[294],"surface":[300,342,893],"feature":[301],"dimensions.":[302],"In":[303],"addition":[304],"setae,":[306],"remarkable":[307],"macroscopic-scale":[308],"features":[309,415],"include":[316],"compliance":[317],"passive":[319,655],"conformation":[320],"necessary":[322],"maintain":[324],"contact,":[325],"consequently,":[327],"generate":[328],"macroscopically":[332],"surfaces.Similarly,":[334],"sought":[336],"impact":[340,437],"roughness":[343,389,422],"two":[348,439,452],"types":[349],"arrays:":[352],"hemispherical":[355],"shaped":[356,362,405,883],"tips":[357,795,886],"spatula":[361,404,882],"tips.":[363,782,884],"Our":[364],"simulations":[365],"showed":[366],"nanoscale":[369,394,881],"tip":[373],"shape":[374],"dramatically":[375],"alters":[376],"macroscale":[378,414],"array,":[382],"features,":[395,429],"clear":[400],"benefit":[401],"having":[403],"features.":[406],"Similar":[407],"experimental":[409],"system,":[420],"when":[421,621],"approaches":[423],"fiber":[428,591,640,760,781,794,818],"drops":[431],"dramatically.We":[432],"have":[433,675,847,887],"investigated":[435],"design":[440,664],"parameters":[441],"dry":[444,580,622,651,717],"self-cleaning":[445,581,623,652,718],"capability":[446,624],"experimentally":[450],"after":[454,490,772],"fouling":[455,491],"small":[457,493],"(1":[458],"micron),":[459],"medium":[460,498,514],"(3-10":[461],"microns)":[462,466],"(40-50":[465],"particles.":[467,517,673],"hard":[476,605,635],"thermoplastic":[477],"nanoscopic":[479],"fibers":[480,510],"able":[482],"recover":[484],"96-115%":[485],"its":[487],"but":[496,540],"not":[497,532,556,856],"particles,":[499],"while":[500],"soft":[506,528,560,656],"polymer":[507,529,561,636,657],"microscopic":[509],"recovered":[511],"40-55%":[512],"Further":[518],"examination":[519],"scanning":[521],"electron":[522],"microscopy":[523],"(SEM)":[524],"revealed":[525],"were":[531,541],"shedding":[533],"smaller":[535,590,600,639],"during":[537,741],"recovery":[538],"steps,":[539],"instead":[542],"being":[543],"absorbed":[544],"into":[545,829],"surface,":[547,749],"that,":[549],"regardless":[550],"size,":[553],"did":[555],"release":[557,671],"surface.An":[562],"analysis":[563],"contact":[566],"strength":[567],"fibers,":[569],"substrates":[572],"elasticity":[577],"reveals":[578],"will":[582],"more":[584],"effective":[585],"fabricated":[588,596],"diameters":[592,641],"materials":[598,615],"loss":[601],"functions,":[602],"such":[603],"thermoplastics.":[606],"This":[607,783],"important":[609,710],"implications":[610],"choice":[613],"geometries":[617],"used":[618],"desired":[627],"function":[628],"material,":[631],"indicates":[633],"less":[643,753],"prone":[644],"fouling.As":[646],"indicated":[647],"fibrillar":[658],"adhesive,":[659],"set":[661],"out":[662],"system":[666],"demonstrated":[676],"controllable":[677],"glass":[680,700,748],"spheres":[681,701],"new":[684],"magnetically":[685],"actuated":[686],"magnetoelastomer":[693],"composite.":[694],"Capable":[695],"controlling":[697],"500":[702],"microns":[703],"1":[705],"mm,":[706],"this":[707,869],"represents":[708],"step":[711],"realizing":[713],"across":[720],"wide":[722],"sizes.We":[726],"examined":[728],"behavior":[730],"density":[733],"polyethylene":[734],"(HDPE)":[735],"polypropylene":[737],"(PP)":[738],"microfiber":[739],"arrays":[740,761,846],"cycles":[743],"engagement":[745],"normal":[751],"preload":[752],"40":[755],"kPa.":[756],"maintained":[762],"54%":[763],"original":[766],"stress":[768],"300":[770],"kPa":[771],"10,000":[773],"cycles,":[774],"despite":[775],"showing":[776],"marked":[777],"plastic":[778,790],"deformation":[779,784],"attributed":[786],"induced":[789],"creep":[791],"forces":[799,834],",":[800],"wear":[802,870],"thermal":[804],"effects.":[805],"hypothesize":[807],"fundamental":[810],"limit":[812],"been":[814,888],"reached":[815],"these":[817,910],"arrays,":[819],"future":[822],"designs":[826],"take":[828],"account":[830],"generated":[835],"avoid":[837],"damage.":[838],"Although":[839],"elastic":[850],"modulus,":[851],"does":[855],"same":[859],"wear-free":[860],"dynamic":[861],"friction":[862],"gecko.":[865],"discovery":[867],"mechanism":[871],"uncovered":[873],"possible":[875,901],"pathway":[876],"fabrication":[879,902,911],"Spatula":[885],"shown":[889],"greatly":[896],"improve":[897],"strength.":[899],"Several":[900],"pathways":[903],"proposed":[905],"preliminary":[907],"techniques":[912],"presented.":[914]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-27T14:10:00.468798","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
