{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2211953570","doi":null,"title":"Transatlantic Privacy Regulation: Conflict and Cooperation","display_name":"Transatlantic Privacy Regulation: Conflict and Cooperation","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2211953570","mag":"2211953570"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarship.law.duke.edu:lcp-4747","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/lcp/vol78/iss4/10","pdf_url":"https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/lcp/vol78/iss4/10","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402048","display_name":"Duke Law Scholarship Repository (Duke University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","host_organization_name":"Duke University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Law and Contemporary Problems","raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/lcp/vol78/iss4/10","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014091354","display_name":"Francesca Bignami","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193531525","display_name":"George Washington University","ror":"https://ror.org/00y4zzh67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesca Bignami","raw_affiliation_strings":["George Washington University Law School"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Washington University Law School","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012519717","display_name":"Giorgio Resta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3399-1846","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3399-1846"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119003972","display_name":"Roma Tre University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vf0dg29","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119003972"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giorgio Resta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Roma Tre, Law Department"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3399-1846","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Roma Tre, Law Department","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119003972"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.5609,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94120828,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"78","issue":"4","first_page":"231","last_page":"266"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12921","display_name":"European Criminal Justice and Data Protection","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11045","display_name":"Privacy, Security, and Data Protection","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-protection-law","display_name":"data protection law","score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/right-to-privacy","display_name":"right to privacy","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/right-to-respect-for-private-and-family-life","display_name":"right to respect for private and family life","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proportionality-test","display_name":"proportionality test","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personal-data-processing","display_name":"personal data processing","score":0.6230000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/basic-law","display_name":"German Basic Law","score":0.5400000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/european-court-of-human-rights","display_name":"European Court of Human Rights","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/court-of-justice-of-the-european-union","display_name":"Court of Justice of the European Union","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nsa-surveillance","display_name":"NSA surveillance","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fundamental-rights","display_name":"fundamental rights","score":0.492000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privacy-law","display_name":"privacy law","score":0.4480000138282776}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.619572639465332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.6112052202224731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183763965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q603959","display_name":"Proportionality (law)","level":2,"score":0.6071694493293762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141972696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1247836","display_name":"Privacy law","level":4,"score":0.5899996757507324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910001868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458","display_name":"European union","level":2,"score":0.5749819278717041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46355384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q726686","display_name":"Compromise","level":2,"score":0.5549724698066711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69360830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172237","display_name":"Data Protection Act 1998","level":2,"score":0.5224910378456116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158129432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7766927","display_name":"Statutory law","level":2,"score":0.5070517063140869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.48270201683044434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78524284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6031155","display_name":"Information privacy law","level":4,"score":0.46855124831199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62100270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1733207","display_name":"Conflict of laws","level":2,"score":0.4323461055755615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102938260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1999831","display_name":"Privacy policy","level":3,"score":0.3857772946357727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.18364721536636353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155202549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178803","display_name":"International trade","level":1,"score":0.09123915433883667}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarship.law.duke.edu:lcp-4747","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/lcp/vol78/iss4/10","pdf_url":"https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/lcp/vol78/iss4/10","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402048","display_name":"Duke Law Scholarship Repository (Duke University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","host_organization_name":"Duke University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Law and Contemporary Problems","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarship.law.gwu.edu:faculty_publications-2431","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.law.gwu.edu/faculty_publications/1178","pdf_url":"https://scholarship.law.gwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2431&context=faculty_publications","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196736","display_name":"Scholarly Commons - George Washington University Law School (George Washington University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193531525","host_organization_name":"George Washington University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"GW Law Faculty Publications & Other Works","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2211953570","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2705601","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:3125214604","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://scholarship.law.gwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2431&context=faculty_publications","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2765008069","display_name":"Law and Contemporary Problems","issn_l":"0023-9186","issn":["0023-9186","1945-2322"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","jufo-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315552","host_organization_name":"Duke University School of Law","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315552","https://openalex.org/P4310315572"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Duke University School of Law","Duke University"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Law and Contemporary Problems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarship.law.duke.edu:lcp-4747","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/lcp/vol78/iss4/10","pdf_url":"https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/lcp/vol78/iss4/10","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402048","display_name":"Duke Law Scholarship Repository (Duke University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","host_organization_name":"Duke University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Law and Contemporary Problems","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.9595999717712402}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2211953570.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2211953570.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W170361327","https://openalex.org/W7110483433","https://openalex.org/W7135759625","https://openalex.org/W2911277431","https://openalex.org/W2994354162","https://openalex.org/W3016546448","https://openalex.org/W4293177445","https://openalex.org/W883195482","https://openalex.org/W6995894974","https://openalex.org/W7052520287"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,60],"the":[1,5,10,30,34,49,61,64,69,74,103,110,117,125,130,142,145,148,156,165,194,196,226,229,237,247,252,258,261,269,275,285,288,320,326,329],"Census":[2],"Act":[3],"case,":[4],"Court":[6,70,119,126,150],"also":[7],"expanded":[8],"on":[9,274,284,319],"test":[11],"that":[12,17,52,73,155,184],"applies":[13],"to":[14,88,158,213,232],"all":[15],"measures":[16],"interfere":[18],"with":[19,27,188,223,343],"basic":[20],"rights,":[21],"including":[22],"privacy.Generally":[23],"speaking,":[24],"any":[25],"interference":[26],"one":[28],"of":[29,63,66,99,102,112,120,127,129,151,164,168,199,239,257,277,290,293,314,322,328,346],"rights":[31],"protected":[32],"under":[33,161],"Basic":[35],"Law":[36],"must":[37,81,92],"be":[38,82,93,186,219],"authorized":[39],"by":[40],"parliamentary":[41,315],"law,":[42,204],"serve":[43],"a":[44,201,291,311,332,344],"legitimate":[45,208],"purpose,":[46],"and":[47,56,84,86,95,124,140,147,174,210,280,287,309,325],"satisfy":[48,89],"proportionality":[50,57,212],"test,":[51],"is,":[53],"suitability,":[54],"necessity,":[55],"stricto":[58],"sensu.8":[59],"case":[62,254,286],"right":[65,157,231],"informational":[67],"self-determination,":[68],"further":[71],"specified":[72],"legislative":[75,227],"basis":[76,202],"for":[77,260,298],"personal":[78,172],"data":[79,173,233],"processing":[80],"clear":[83],"precise":[85],"that,":[87],"proportionality,":[90],"there":[91],"organizational":[94],"procedural":[96],"safeguards":[97],"capable":[98],"preventing":[100],"infringements":[101],"right.9This":[104],"constitutional":[105,114],"frame":[106],"has":[107,235],"shaped":[108,236],"both":[109],"jurisprudence":[111],"other":[113],"courts-in":[115],"particular":[116],"European":[118,131,143,149,166,244],"Human":[121,169],"Rights":[122],"(ECtHR)":[123],"Justice":[128,152],"Union":[132],"(CJEU)-as":[133],"well":[134],"as":[135,217],"positive":[136],"lawmaking":[137],"in":[138,203,221,242,251,306,338],"Germany":[139],"at":[141],"level.Both":[144],"ECtHR":[146],"have":[153],"recognized":[154],"privacy,":[159],"guaranteed":[160],"Article":[162],"8":[163],"Convention":[167],"Rights,":[170],"covers":[171],"is":[175],"triggered":[176],"whenever":[177],"public":[178],"or":[179],"private":[180],"entities":[181],"gather":[182],"information":[183],"can":[185],"associated":[187],"an":[189],"individual.10":[190],"Both":[191],"courts":[192],"use":[193],"same":[195],"jurisprudential":[197],"framework":[198],"(1)":[200],"(2)":[205],"clearly":[206],"defined,":[207],"purposes,":[209],"(3)":[211],"analyze":[214],"data-protection":[215,240,264],"challenges,":[216],"will":[218],"discussed":[220],"connection":[222],"NSA":[224],"surveillance.In":[225],"sphere,":[228],"fundamental":[230],"privacy":[234,299],"design":[238,327],"legislation":[241],"most":[243],"jurisdictions.Within":[245],"Germany,":[246],"Court's":[248],"first":[249,262],"judgment":[250],"Microcensus":[253],"provided":[255],"much":[256],"impetus":[259],"federal":[263,333],"law.A":[265],"small":[266],"coalition":[267],"party,":[268],"Free":[270],"Democratic":[271],"Party,":[272],"took":[273],"issue":[276],"new":[278],"technologies":[279],"democracy,":[281],"and,":[282],"drawing":[283],"work":[289],"number":[292],"prominent":[294],"legal":[295],"scholars,":[296],"pressed":[297],"legislation.11":[300],"A":[301],"government":[302],"bill":[303],"was":[304,335],"introduced":[305],"May":[307],"1973,":[308],"after":[310],"long":[312],"series":[313,345],"debates,":[316],"mostly":[317],"centered":[318],"extent":[321],"private-sector":[323],"coverage":[324],"enforcement":[330],"system,":[331],"law":[334],"finally":[336],"passed":[337],"January":[339],"1977.12":[340],"That":[341],"law-together":[342],"8.":[347]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-27T15:51:10.671819","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
